U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Links from GEO Profiles

    • Showing Current items.

    TSPO translocator protein [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 706, updated on 2-Nov-2024

    Summary

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Official Symbol
    TSPOprovided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    translocator proteinprovided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:1158
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000100300 MIM:109610; AllianceGenome:HGNC:1158
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    DBI; IBP; MBR; PBR; PBS; BPBS; BZRP; PKBS; PTBR; mDRC; pk18; TSPO1
    Summary
    Present mainly in the mitochondrial compartment of peripheral tissues, the protein encoded by this gene interacts with some benzodiazepines and has different affinities than its endogenous counterpart. The protein is a key factor in the flow of cholesterol into mitochondria to permit the initiation of steroid hormone synthesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been reported; one of the variants lacks an internal exon and is considered non-coding, and the other variants encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]
    Expression
    Broad expression in bone marrow (RPKM 105.6), fat (RPKM 61.4) and 20 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    mouse all
    NEW
    Try the new Gene table
    Try the new Transcript table

    Genomic context

    Go to the top of the page Help
    See TSPO in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    22q13.2
    Exon count:
    5
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 22 NC_000022.11 (43151559..43163242)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 22 NC_060946.1 (43632715..43644077)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 22 NC_000022.10 (43547565..43559248)

    Chromosome 22 - NC_000022.11Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43506823-43507381 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 13854 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19183 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43524576-43525453 Neighboring gene Neanderthal introgressed variant-containing enhancer experimental_63425 Neighboring gene BCL2 interacting killer Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 13855 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19185 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 13856 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19186 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43553089-43553609 Neighboring gene malonyl-CoA-acyl carrier protein transacylase Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43559052-43559555 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43559556-43560058 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43564214-43565070 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43565071-43565926 Neighboring gene tubulin tyrosine ligase like 12 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43581791-43582295 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19188 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 13857 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 13858 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 13859 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43593145-43594077 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr22:43594078-43595009 Neighboring gene signal peptide, CUB domain and EGF like domain containing 1 Neighboring gene SCUBE1 antisense RNA 2

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

    Go to the top of the page Help
    • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
    • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
    • BioProject: PRJEB4337
    • Publication: PMID 24309898
    • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

    Bibliography

    Go to the top of the pageHelp

    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Increased binding of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in mild cognitive impairment-dementia converters measured by positron emission tomography with [¹¹C]DAA1106. Yasuno F, et al. Psychiatry Res, 2012 Jul 30. PMID 22892349
    2. Concentration-dependent bimodal effect of specific 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) ligands on cell death processes induced by ammonium chloride: potential implications for neuropathological effects due to hyperammonemia. Caballero B, et al. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, 2014. PMID 24168369
    3. The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) disrupts mammary epithelial morphogenesis and promotes breast cancer cell migration. Wu X, et al. PLoS One, 2013. PMID 23967175, Free PMC Article
    4. Bipolar Disorder is associated with the rs6971 polymorphism in the gene encoding 18 kDa Translocator Protein (TSPO). Colasanti A, et al. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2013 Nov. PMID 23942012, Free PMC Article
    5. The neuroinflammation marker translocator protein is not elevated in individuals with mild-to-moderate depression: a [¹¹C]PBR28 PET study. Hannestad J, et al. Brain Behav Immun, 2013 Oct. PMID 23850810, Free PMC Article

    See all (210) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Integrating TSPO PET imaging and transcriptomics to unveil the role of neuroinflammation and amyloid-beta deposition in Alzheimer's disease.
      Title: Integrating TSPO PET imaging and transcriptomics to unveil the role of neuroinflammation and amyloid-β deposition in Alzheimer's disease.
    2. Translocator protein (TSPO) expression in neoplastic cells and tumor-associated macrophages in meningiomas.
      Title: Translocator protein (TSPO) expression in neoplastic cells and tumor-associated macrophages in meningiomas.
    3. Investigating TSPO levels in occupation-related posttraumatic stress disorder.
      Title: Investigating TSPO levels in occupation-related posttraumatic stress disorder.
    4. [[18]F]DPA-714: Effect of co-medications, age, sex, BMI and TSPO polymorphism on the human plasma input function.
      Title: [(18)F]DPA-714: Effect of co-medications, age, sex, BMI and TSPO polymorphism on the human plasma input function.
    5. TSPO Modulates Oligomeric Amyloid-beta-Induced Monocyte Chemotaxis: Relevance for Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease.
      Title: TSPO Modulates Oligomeric Amyloid-β-Induced Monocyte Chemotaxis: Relevance for Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease.
    6. The mitochondrial protein TSPO in Alzheimer's disease: relation to the severity of AD pathology and the neuroinflammatory environment.
      Title: The mitochondrial protein TSPO in Alzheimer's disease: relation to the severity of AD pathology and the neuroinflammatory environment.
    7. TSPO acts as an immune resistance gene involved in the T cell mediated immune control of glioblastoma.
      Title: TSPO acts as an immune resistance gene involved in the T cell mediated immune control of glioblastoma.
    8. Sigma-2 Receptor Ligand Binding Modulates Association between TSPO and TMEM97.
      Title: Sigma-2 Receptor Ligand Binding Modulates Association between TSPO and TMEM97.
    9. Impact of Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) Deficiency on Mitochondrial Function and the Inflammatory State of Human C20 Microglia Cells.
      Title: Impact of Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) Deficiency on Mitochondrial Function and the Inflammatory State of Human C20 Microglia Cells.
    10. Neuroinflammation and psychiatric disorders: Relevance of C1q, translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO), and neurosteroids.
      Title: Neuroinflammation and psychiatric disorders: Relevance of C1q, translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO), and neurosteroids.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (168)

    Phenotypes

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    Variation

    Go to the top of the page Help

    See variants in ClinVar

    See studies and variants in dbVar

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

    Genotypes

    HIV-1 interactions

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Replication interactions

    Interaction Pubs
    Knockdown of TSPO by shRNA enhances HIV-1 replication in nonpermissive NKR cells PubMed

    Protein interactions

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env Treatment with TSPO antagonists or knockdown of TSPO by shRNA activate HIV-1 replication in nonpermissive NKR cells by restoring HIV-1 gp120/gp41 biogenesis PubMed
    Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor env TSPO inhibits HIV-1 Env expression in 293T cells in a dose-dependent manner PubMed
    Envelope transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 env Treatment with TSPO antagonists or knockdown of TSPO by shRNA activate HIV-1 replication in nonpermissive NKR cells by restoring HIV-1 gp120/gp41 biogenesis PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

    Pathways from PubChem

    Go to the top of the page

    Interactions

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Markers

    Homology

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables androgen binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables benzodiazepine receptor activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables cholesterol binding IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables cholesterol binding TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables cholesterol transfer activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables transmembrane transporter binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    involved_in adrenal gland development IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in behavioral response to pain IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in cellular hypotonic response IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in cellular response to lipopolysaccharide IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in cellular response to zinc ion IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in chloride transport IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in cholesterol homeostasis IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in contact inhibition IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in glial cell migration IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in heme biosynthetic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in maintenance of protein location in mitochondrion IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in monoatomic anion transport TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of ATP metabolic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in negative regulation of corticosterone secretion IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in negative regulation of glial cell proliferation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in negative regulation of mitophagy IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in negative regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in negative regulation of protein ubiquitination IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in peripheral nervous system axon regeneration IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in positive regulation of apoptotic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in positive regulation of calcium ion transport IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in positive regulation of glial cell proliferation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in positive regulation of mitochondrial depolarization IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in protein targeting to mitochondrion TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of cell population proliferation TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of cholesterol transport TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of steroid biosynthetic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in response to acetylcholine IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in response to manganese ion IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in response to progesterone IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in response to testosterone IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in response to vitamin B1 IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in response to xenobiotic stimulus IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in steroid metabolic process TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in sterol transport IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in cytosol IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  
    is_active_in endoplasmic reticulum IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in extracellular exosome HDA PubMed 
    located_in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  
    is_active_in membrane IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in mitochondrial outer membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    located_in mitochondrion HTP PubMed 
    located_in mitochondrion IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  

    General protein information

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Preferred Names
    translocator protein
    Names
    benzodiazepine peripheral binding site
    mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor
    peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    Go to the top of the page Help

    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_000714.6 → NP_000705.2  translocator protein

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_000705.2

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (PBR) consists of four exons and encodes the protein PBR.
      Source sequence(s)
      AF075589, BC001110, BP420304
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS33661.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P30536, Q53Y59, Q6ICF9, Q96TF6
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q13850
      Related
      ENSP00000338004.3, ENST00000337554.8
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam03073
      Location:12 → 155
      TspO_MBR; TspO/MBR family

    2. NM_001256530.1 → NP_001243459.1  translocator protein

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001243459.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant PBR. Variants PBR, 3 and 4 encode the same protein.
      Source sequence(s)
      AF075590, BC001110, BG750685
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS33661.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P30536, Q53Y59, Q6ICF9, Q96TF6
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q13850
      Related
      ENSP00000379563.4, ENST00000396265.4
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam03073
      Location:12 → 155
      TspO_MBR; TspO/MBR family

    3. NM_001256531.1 → NP_001243460.1  translocator protein

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001243460.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant PBR. Variants PBR, 3 and 4 encode the same protein.
      Source sequence(s)
      AF075590, BC001110, BG749252
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS33661.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P30536, Q53Y59, Q6ICF9, Q96TF6
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q13850
      Related
      ENSP00000328973.4, ENST00000329563.8
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam03073
      Location:12 → 155
      TspO_MBR; TspO/MBR family

    RNA

    1. NR_046308.2 RNA Sequence

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (PBR-S) lacks an internal exon, compared to variant 1. This variant is represented as non-coding because the longest available open reading frame is found in a different frame, compared to variant PBR, and there is no experimental support for the existence of the predicted protein. This transcript has been described in PMID:8307574.
      Source sequence(s)
      AF075589, BC001110, L21950
      Related
      ENST00000583777.5

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000022.11 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      43151559..43163242
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_047441479.1 → XP_047297435.1  translocator protein isoform X1

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P30536, Q53Y59, Q6ICF9, Q96TF6

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060946.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      43632715..43644077
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_054325888.1 → XP_054181863.1  translocator protein isoform X1

    Suppressed Reference Sequence(s)

    The following Reference Sequences have been suppressed. Explain

    1. NM_007311.3: Suppressed sequence

      Description
      NM_007311.3: This RefSeq was permanently suppressed because currently there is support for the transcript but not for the protein.
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    P30536.3 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P30536

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

    Chemical Information
    Molecular Biology Databases
    Research Materials
    Tools
    Miscellaneous