GAL galanin and GMAP prepropeptide [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: GALprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name: galanin and GMAP prepropeptideprovided by HGNC
Primary source: HGNC:HGNC:4114
See related: Ensembl:ENSG00000069482 MIM:137035; AllianceGenome:HGNC:4114
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Homo sapiens
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as: ETL8; GALN; GLNN; GMAP; GAL-GMAP
Summary: This gene encodes a neuroendocrine peptide that is widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and also the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, adrenal gland and urogenital tract. The encoded protein is a precursor that is proteolytically processed to generate two mature peptides: galanin and galanin message-associated peptide (GMAP). Galanin has diverse physiological functions including nociception, feeding and energy homeostasis, osmotic regulation and water balance. GMAP has been demonstrated to possess antifungal activity and hypothesized to be part of the innate immune system. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2015]
Expression: Biased expression in appendix (RPKM 6.0), colon (RPKM 2.3) and 5 other tissues See more
Orthologs: mouse all
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Genomic context

Location:: 11q13.2

Exon count:: 6

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2024_08	current	GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40)	11	NC_000011.10 (68684544..68691175)
RS_2024_08	current	T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1)	11	NC_060935.1 (68690664..68697295)
RS_2024_09	previous assembly	GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25)	11	NC_000011.9 (68452012..68458643)

Chromosome 11 - NC_000011.10 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
BioProject: PRJEB4337
Publication: PMID 24309898
Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Structure of the human galanin receptor 2 bound to galanin and Gq reveals the basis of ligand specificity and how binding affects the G-protein interface.
Title: Structure of the human galanin receptor 2 bound to galanin and Gq reveals the basis of ligand specificity and how binding affects the G-protein interface.
Serum Galanin in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Title: Serum Galanin in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Increased Serum Neuropeptide Galanin Level Is a Predictor of Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Hip Fracture.
Title: Increased Serum Neuropeptide Galanin Level Is a Predictor of Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Hip Fracture.
Further evidence for the association of GAL, GALR1 and NPY1R variants with opioid dependence.
Title: Further evidence for the association of GAL, GALR1 and NPY1R variants with opioid dependence.
Review: Occurrence and Distribution of Galanin in the Physiological and Inflammatory States in the Mammalian Gastrointestinal Tract.
Title: Review: Occurrence and Distribution of Galanin in the Physiological and Inflammatory States in the Mammalian Gastrointestinal Tract.
Low Galanin expression is associated with gastric cancer.
Title: Galanin expression is down-regulated in patients with gastric cancer.
Study revealed two statistically significant associations between anxiety and the galanin rs948854_C-rs4432027_C haplotype and the rs1042577_T single-locus allele, respectively.
Title: Association between anxiety and non-coding genetic variants of the galanin neuropeptide.
GAL, GAP43 and NRSN1 single nucleotide polymorphisms and related gene-gene interaction networks might be involved in the altered susceptibility to Hirschsprung disease in the Han Chinese population.
Title: Common genetic variants in GAL, GAP43 and NRSN1 and interaction networks confer susceptibility to Hirschsprung disease.
elevated high expression of CASP3 or CASP8 in the neurons from MPs was accompanied by a decreased expression of GAL. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the decomposition of myenteric plexuses (MPs) within cancer-affected human stomach wall and the possible role of apoptosis in this process.
Title: Co-expression of caspase-3 or caspase-8 with galanin in the human stomach section affected by carcinoma.
results suggested that four differentially expressed genes, Jun, Gal, Cd74, and C1qb, had the potential to serve as prognostic or predictive markers for neuropathic pain, suggesting a potential application in the improvement of prognostic tools and treatments.
Title: Jun, Gal, Cd74, and C1qb as potential indicator for neuropathic pain.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (79)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Associated conditions

Description	Tests
Familial temporal lobe epilepsy 8 MedGen: C4225318 OMIM: 616461 GeneReviews: Not available	Compare labs

Variation

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See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables galanin receptor activity	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
enables galanin receptor binding	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables neuropeptide hormone activity	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables neuropeptide hormone activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables neuropeptide hormone activity	NAS Non-traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
enables protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables type 1 galanin receptor binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables type 2 galanin receptor binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables type 3 galanin receptor binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in feeding behavior	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in insulin secretion	NAS Non-traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of lymphocyte proliferation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in neuropeptide signaling pathway	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in positive regulation of apoptotic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of cortisol secretion	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of timing of catagen	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in protein kinase A signaling	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in response to estrogen	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in response to immobilization stress	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in response to insulin	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in response to xenobiotic stimulus	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in extracellular region	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
is_active_in extracellular space	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in extracellular space	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
located_in neuronal cell body	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
is_active_in secretory granule	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info

General protein information

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Preferred Names: galanin peptides

Names: galanin prepropeptide; galanin-message-associated peptide; galanin-related peptide; galanin/GMAP prepropeptide

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.