VTC2 GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase 1 [Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)] - Gene

Summary

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Official Symbol: VTC2
Official Full Name: GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase 1
Primary source: TAIR:AT4G26850
Locus tag: AT4G26850
See related: Araport:AT4G26850
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype: Columbia)
Lineage: Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta; Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae; rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis
Also known as: F10M23.190; F10M23_190; vitamin c defective 2
Summary: Encodes a novel protein involved in ascorbate biosynthesis, which was shown to catalyze the transfer of GMP from GDP-galactose to a variety of hexose-1-phosphate acceptors. Recessive mutation has a reduced amount of vitamin C, lower level of non-photochemical quenching, and reduced rate of conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin in high light.
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Genomic context

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See VTC2 in Genome Data Viewer

Location:: chromosome: 4

Exon count:: 7

Sequence:: Chromosome: 4; NC_003075.7 (13498956..13501701, complement)

Chromosome 4 - NC_003075.7 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:: NC_003075.7

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Overexpressing Vitamin C Defective 2 reduces fertility and alters Ca2+ signals in Arabidopsis pollen.
Title: Overexpressing Vitamin C Defective 2 reduces fertility and alters Ca2+ signals in Arabidopsis pollen.
GGP/VTC2 acts as a rate-limiting step regulating AsA biosynthesis in response to light and dark conditions
Title: Transient expression analysis revealed the importance of VTC2 expression level in light/dark regulation of ascorbate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
Arabidopsis vtc1 and vtc2 mutants, that have low levels of ascorbate, were more susceptible to Alternaria brassicicola.
Title: Metabolite profiling of Arabidopsis inoculated with Alternaria brassicicola reveals that ascorbate reduces disease severity.
The VTC5 promoter is more active in young cotyledons; the VTC2 and VTC5 promoters for two GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase isozymes drive a day-to-night variation in expression.
Title: Expression analysis of the VTC2 and VTC5 genes encoding GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase, an enzyme involved in ascorbate biosynthesis, in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The VTC2 gene was expressed in all developmental stages, and the mRNA was expressed at a higher level in green tissues than in the root.
Title: An expression analysis of the ascorbate biosynthesis enzyme VTC2.
Arabidopsis VTC2 and VTC5 proteins are enzymes that guanylylate a conserved active site His residue with GDP-L-galactose, forming L-galactose 1-phosphate for vitamin C synthesis, and regenerate the enzyme with phosphate to form GDP.
Title: A second GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase in arabidopsis en route to vitamin C. Covalent intermediate and substrate requirements for the conserved reaction.
Data show that a GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase, encoded by the Arabidopsis thaliana VTC2 gene, catalyses this step in the ascorbate biosynthetic pathway.
Title: Two genes in Arabidopsis thaliana encoding GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase are required for ascorbate biosynthesis and seedling viability.
VTC2 from A. thaliana is a specific GDP-L-galactose/GDP-D-glucose phosphorylase
Title: Arabidopsis VTC2 encodes a GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase, the last unknown enzyme in the Smirnoff-Wheeler pathway to ascorbic acid in plants.
A high proportion of the primary roots of the vtc2 plants grown on soil had lost the wild-type responses to gravity.
Title: Modulation of plant morphology, root architecture, and cell structure by low vitamin C in Arabidopsis thaliana.
At4g26850 codes for GDP-L-galactose-hexose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase which catalyzing the transfer of GMP from GDP-L-galactose to a hexose-1-P, most likely D-mannose-1-phosphate in vivo. [galactose guanyltransferase]
Title: The missing step of the L-galactose pathway of ascorbate biosynthesis in plants, an L-galactose guanyltransferase, increases leaf ascorbate content.

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Pathways from PubChem

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Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Miscellaneous features

Loc: c13501451-13501383 AT4G26850.uORF1

NM_118819.3

Supported by ESTs:

Gene Ontology Provided by TAIR

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables GDP-D-glucose phosphorylase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables GDP-galactose:glucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables GDP-galactose:mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables GDP-galactose:myoinositol-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (GDP) activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables quercetin 4'-O-glucosyltransferase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
acts_upstream_of_or_within L-ascorbic acid biosynthetic process	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within L-ascorbic acid metabolic process	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within defense response by callose deposition in cell wall	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within defense response to bacterium	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within response to heat	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within response to jasmonic acid	IEP Inferred from Expression Pattern more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in nucleus	ISM Inferred from Sequence Model more info

General protein information

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Preferred Names: GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase 1

NP_567759.1

vitamin c defective 2 (VTC2); FUNCTIONS IN: in 8 functions; INVOLVED IN: response to jasmonic acid stimulus, L-ascorbic acid biosynthetic process, defense response to bacterium, response to heat, defense response by callose deposition in cell wall; LOCATED IN: cellular_component unknown; EXPRESSED IN: 23 plant structures; EXPRESSED DURING: 15 growth stages; BEST Arabidopsis thaliana protein match is: galactose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (GDP)s;GDP-D-glucose phosphorylases;quercetin 4'-O-glucosyltransferases (TAIR:AT5G55120.1); Has 30201 Blast hits to 17322 proteins in 780 species: Archae - 12; Bacteria - 1396; Metazoa - 17338; Fungi - 3422; Plants - 5037; Viruses - 0; Other Eukaryotes - 2996 (source: NCBI BLink).

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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Genome Annotation

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference assembly

Genomic

NC_003075.7 Reference assembly

Range

13498956..13501701 complement

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GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_118819.3 → NP_567759.1 GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase 1 [Arabidopsis thaliana]

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_567759.1

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Q8LKQ7, Q8RWE8, Q940B4, Q9SZ25

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A0A178V4D5, A0A5S9XW70, A0A7G2F0T0

Conserved Domains (1) summary

PLN03103
Location:1 → 394

PLN03103; GDP-L-galactose-hexose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase; Provisional