TRO trophinin [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: TROprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name: trophininprovided by HGNC
Primary source: HGNC:HGNC:12326
See related: Ensembl:ENSG00000067445 MIM:300132; AllianceGenome:HGNC:12326
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Homo sapiens
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as: MAGED3; MAGE-d3
Summary: This gene encodes a membrane protein that mediates cell adhesion between trophoblastic cells and the epithelial cells of the endometrium. The encoded protein participates in cell signalling during embryo implantation, and may also be involved in cancer formation. This gene is located near several other closely related genes on chromosome X. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2012]
Expression: Broad expression in ovary (RPKM 9.7), brain (RPKM 9.7) and 20 other tissues See more
Orthologs: mouse all
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Genomic context

Location:: Xp11.21

Exon count:: 15

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2024_08	current	GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40)	X	NC_000023.11 (54920824..54931431)
RS_2024_08	current	T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1)	X	NC_060947.1 (54213910..54224559)
RS_2024_09	previous assembly	GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25)	X	NC_000023.10 (54947257..54957864)

Chromosome X - NC_000023.11 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
BioProject: PRJEB4337
Publication: PMID 24309898
Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Expression of trophinin and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in endometrial co-culture in the presence of an embryo: A comparative immunocytochemical study.
Title: Expression of trophinin and dipeptidyl peptidase IV in endometrial co-culture in the presence of an embryo: A comparative immunocytochemical study.
report dual roles for trophinin in human cancers in terms of promoting malignancy in some tumor types and suppressing it in others
Title: Trophinin in cell adhesion and signal transduction.
Trophinin induced apoptosis in endometrial epithelial cells through protein kinase C-delta.
Title: Trophinin-mediated cell adhesion induces apoptosis of human endometrial epithelial cells through PKC-δ.
Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
Title: New genetic associations detected in a host response study to hepatitis B vaccine.
Overexpression of trophinin leads to a more invasive phenotype and metastatic potential in human gallbladder cancer transfected into nude mice.
Title: Enhanced expression of trophinin promotes invasive and metastatic potential of human gallbladder cancer cells.
Confocal microscopy analysis of ectopically expressed magphinins revealed that magphinin-alpha and -beta localize in the cytoplasm, whereas magphinin-gamma lacking the peptide encoded by exon-3 is nuclear.
Title: Nuclear localization of magphinins, alternative splicing products of the human trophinin gene.
When magphinin-gamma was expressed in NIH3T3 cells, cells underwent G1 arrest. These results suggest that human magphinin-gamma inhibits cell cycle progression through nuclear activity.
Title: Nuclear localization of magphinins, alternative splicing products of the human trophinin gene.
results provide a mechanism for trophinin-mediated adhesion of human blastocyst to endometrium by a spatially and temporally restricted paracrine effect of hCG derived from the blastocyst
Title: Induction of trophinin in human endometrial surface epithelia by CGbeta and IL-1beta.
Trophinin functions as an adhesion molecule on the cell surface and as a molecular switch for trophoblast activation in the cytoplasm.
Title: Signal transduction in human embryo implantation.
results suggest that trophinin promotes colorectal cancer invasion through a mechanism involving HMGB1/RAGE
Title: The role of trophinin, an adhesion molecule unique to human trophoblasts, in progression of colorectal cancer.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (17)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Markers

RH48499 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:88724

SHGC-31610 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:59646

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in embryo implantation	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
is_active_in nucleus	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in plasma membrane	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed

General protein information

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Preferred Names: trophinin

Names: MAGE superfamily protein; MAGE-D3 antigen; magphinin; melanoma antigen, family D, 3

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

NG_012806.1 RefSeqGene

Range

5009..15616

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GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_001039705.3 → NP_001034794.1 trophinin isoform 5

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001034794.1

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (6) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longest isoform (5).

Source sequence(s)

AB029037, AF349719, DB177388

Consensus CDS

CCDS43959.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B1AKE9, B1AKF1, F5GY27, Q12816, Q96SX2, Q9NU89, Q9UPN8

Related

ENSP00000173898.7, ENST00000173898.12

Conserved Domains (2) summary

COG1357
Location:974 → 1183

YjbI; Uncharacterized protein YjbI, contains pentapeptide repeats [Function unknown]

pfam01454
Location:451 → 611

MAGE; MAGE family
NM_001271183.2 → NP_001258112.1 trophinin isoform 6

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (7) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks a portion of the 5' coding region, and initiates translation at an alternate downstream in-frame start codon, compared to variant 6. The encoded isoform (6) has a shorter N-terminus, compared to isoform 5.

Source sequence(s)

AB029037, AF349719, AK296329

Consensus CDS

CCDS59529.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

Q12816

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

B4DK08, Q9BX91

Related

ENSP00000405126.2, ENST00000420798.6

Conserved Domains (4) summary

PTZ00395
Location:789 → 935

PTZ00395; Sec24-related protein; Provisional

COG1357
Location:505 → 714

YjbI; Uncharacterized protein YjbI, contains pentapeptide repeats [Function unknown]

pfam01454
Location:13 → 142

MAGE; MAGE family

pfam15967
Location:627 → 851

Nucleoporin_FG2; Nucleoporin FG repeated region
NM_001271184.2 → NP_001258113.1 trophinin isoform 7

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (8) differs in the 5' UTR and lacks an alternate exon in the 5' coding region, compared to variant 6. The encoded isoform (7) is shorter than isoform 5.

Source sequence(s)

AF349719, AK225841, DA128814

Consensus CDS

CCDS59528.1

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q9BX91

Related

ENSP00000364181.2, ENST00000375041.6

Conserved Domains (2) summary

COG1357
Location:577 → 786

YjbI; Uncharacterized protein YjbI, contains pentapeptide repeats [Function unknown]

pfam01454
Location:54 → 214

MAGE; MAGE family
NM_016157.4 → NP_057241.2 trophinin isoform 2

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_057241.2

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 3' UTR and lacks a portion of the 3' coding region, which results in a frameshift, compared to variant 6. The encoding isoform (2, also known as magphinin beta) is shorter and has a distinct C-terminus, compared to isoform 5.

Source sequence(s)

AF349719, AK027489

Consensus CDS

CCDS43958.1

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q9BX90

Related

ENSP00000318278.8, ENST00000319167.12

Conserved Domains (1) summary

pfam01454
Location:451 → 611

MAGE; MAGE family
NM_177556.3 → NP_808224.1 trophinin isoform 2

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_808224.1

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' and 3' UTRs, and lacks a portion of the 3' coding region, which results in a frameshift, compared to variant 6. The encoded isoform (2, also known as magphinin beta) is shorter and has a distinct C-terminus, compared to isoform 5.

Source sequence(s)

AF349720, AK225841

Consensus CDS

CCDS43958.1

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q9BX90

Related

ENSP00000364162.4, ENST00000375022.8

Conserved Domains (1) summary

pfam01454
Location:451 → 611

MAGE; MAGE family
NM_177557.3 → NP_808225.1 trophinin isoform 4

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_808225.1

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (5) differs in the 5' UTR, lacks an alternate exon in the 5' coding region, and lacks a portion of the 3' coding region, compared to variant 6. The encoded isoform (4) is shorter and has a distinct C-terminus, compared to isoform 5.

Source sequence(s)

AF349722, AK225841

Consensus CDS

CCDS59527.1

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q9BX88

Related

ENSP00000382641.1, ENST00000399736.5

Conserved Domains (1) summary

pfam01454
Location:54 → 214

MAGE; MAGE family

RNA

NR_073148.2 RNA Sequence

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (9) uses an alternate splice site near the 5' end, and has an alternate 3' exon structure, compared to variant 6. This variant is represented as non-coding because the use of the 5'-most expected translational start codon, as used in variant 6, renders the transcript a candidate for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD).

Source sequence(s)

AF349719, AK225841
NR_073149.2 RNA Sequence

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (10) uses an alternate splice site near the 5' end, lacks an internal exon, and has an alternate 3' exon structure, compared to variant 6. This variant is represented as non-coding because the use of the 5'-most expected translational start codon, as used in variant 6, renders the transcript a candidate for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD).

Source sequence(s)

AF349720, AF349721

Related

ENST00000622017.5

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

NC_000023.11 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Range

54920824..54931431

Download

GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

XM_017029770.2 → XP_016885259.1 trophinin isoform X3

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q9BX90

Conserved Domains (1) summary

pfam01454
Location:451 → 611

MAGE; MAGE family
XM_017029769.2 → XP_016885258.1 trophinin isoform X3

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q9BX90

Conserved Domains (1) summary

pfam01454
Location:451 → 611

MAGE; MAGE family
XM_047442410.1 → XP_047298366.1 trophinin isoform X1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B1AKE9, B1AKF1, F5GY27, Q12816, Q96SX2, Q9NU89, Q9UPN8
XM_011530813.2 → XP_011529115.1 trophinin isoform X1

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_011529115.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B1AKE9, B1AKF1, F5GY27, Q12816, Q96SX2, Q9NU89, Q9UPN8

Conserved Domains (2) summary

COG1357
Location:974 → 1183

YjbI; Uncharacterized protein YjbI, contains pentapeptide repeats [Function unknown]

pfam01454
Location:451 → 611

MAGE; MAGE family
XM_047442409.1 → XP_047298365.1 trophinin isoform X1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B1AKE9, B1AKF1, F5GY27, Q12816, Q96SX2, Q9NU89, Q9UPN8
XM_011530812.2 → XP_011529114.1 trophinin isoform X1

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_011529114.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B1AKE9, B1AKF1, F5GY27, Q12816, Q96SX2, Q9NU89, Q9UPN8

Conserved Domains (2) summary

COG1357
Location:974 → 1183

YjbI; Uncharacterized protein YjbI, contains pentapeptide repeats [Function unknown]

pfam01454
Location:451 → 611

MAGE; MAGE family
XM_011530809.2 → XP_011529111.1 trophinin isoform X1

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_011529111.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B1AKE9, B1AKF1, F5GY27, Q12816, Q96SX2, Q9NU89, Q9UPN8

Conserved Domains (2) summary

COG1357
Location:974 → 1183

YjbI; Uncharacterized protein YjbI, contains pentapeptide repeats [Function unknown]

pfam01454
Location:451 → 611

MAGE; MAGE family
XM_047442411.1 → XP_047298367.1 trophinin isoform X2
XM_047442412.1 → XP_047298368.1 trophinin isoform X4

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

G5E9N2

Related

ENSP00000404794.1, ENST00000445561.5
XM_017029767.2 → XP_016885256.1 trophinin isoform X1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B1AKE9, B1AKF1, F5GY27, Q12816, Q96SX2, Q9NU89, Q9UPN8

Conserved Domains (2) summary

COG1357
Location:974 → 1183

YjbI; Uncharacterized protein YjbI, contains pentapeptide repeats [Function unknown]

pfam01454
Location:451 → 611

MAGE; MAGE family
XM_011530811.3 → XP_011529113.1 trophinin isoform X1

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_011529113.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B1AKE9, B1AKF1, F5GY27, Q12816, Q96SX2, Q9NU89, Q9UPN8

Conserved Domains (2) summary

COG1357
Location:974 → 1183

YjbI; Uncharacterized protein YjbI, contains pentapeptide repeats [Function unknown]

pfam01454
Location:451 → 611

MAGE; MAGE family
XM_017029771.2 → XP_016885260.1 trophinin isoform X3

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q9BX90

Conserved Domains (1) summary

pfam01454
Location:451 → 611

MAGE; MAGE family