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    GALP galanin like peptide [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 85569, updated on 2-Nov-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    GALPprovided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    galanin like peptideprovided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:24840
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000197487 MIM:611178; AllianceGenome:HGNC:24840
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    GAL
    Summary
    This gene encodes a member of the galanin family of neuropeptides. The encoded protein binds galanin receptors 1, 2 and 3 with the highest affinity for galanin receptor 3 and has been implicated in biological processes involving the central nervous system including hypothalamic regulation of metabolism and reproduction. A peptide encoded by a splice variant of this gene, termed alarin, has vasoactive properties, displays antimicrobial activity against E. coli, and may serve as a marker for neuroblastic tumors.[provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]
    Expression
    Low expression observed in reference dataset See more
    Orthologs
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    Genomic context

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    See GALP in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    19q13.43
    Exon count:
    6
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 19 NC_000019.10 (56176008..56185775)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 19 NC_060943.1 (59274899..59284560)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 19 NC_000019.9 (56687377..56697144)

    Chromosome 19 - NC_000019.10Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:56632431-56633146 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124904772 Neighboring gene Neanderthal introgressed variant-containing enhancer experimental_51865 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:56640200-56640700 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:56640701-56641201 Neighboring gene Neanderthal introgressed variant-containing enhancer experimental_51899 Neighboring gene zinc finger protein 444 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 15114 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 15115 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 15116 Neighboring gene MPRA-validated peak3570 silencer Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 15117 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:56686512-56687062 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr19:56687063-56687613 Neighboring gene CRISPRi-validated cis-regulatory element chr19.6329 Neighboring gene zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 5B Neighboring gene Neanderthal introgressed variant-containing enhancer experimental_51953 Neighboring gene zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 5C

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

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    • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
    • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
    • BioProject: PRJEB4337
    • Publication: PMID 24309898
    • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Alarin: A new predictive marker in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A case-control study. Gorkem U, et al. J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2022 Apr. PMID 35174578
    2. Galanin-like peptide and its correlation with androgen levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Demirpence M, et al. Endokrynol Pol, 2023. PMID 37155301
    3. Galanin/GALP and galanin receptors: role in central control of feeding, body weight/obesity and reproduction? Gundlach AL. Eur J Pharmacol, 2002 Apr 12. PMID 12007540
    4. Alarin in different human intestinal epithelial cell types. Jabari S, et al. Histochem Cell Biol, 2019 Jun. PMID 30612153
    5. High Circulating Alarin Levels Are Associated with Presence of Metabolic Syndrome. Fang X, et al. Cell Physiol Biochem, 2018. PMID 30522093

    See all (20) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Galanin-like peptide and its correlation with androgen levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.
      Title: Galanin-like peptide and its correlation with androgen levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.
    2. Plasma and aqueous levels of alarin and adipsin in patients with and without diabetic retinopathy.
      Title: Plasma and aqueous levels of alarin and adipsin ın patients with and without diabetic retinopathy.
    3. Alarin: A new predictive marker in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A case-control study.
      Title: Alarin: A new predictive marker in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A case-control study.
    4. alarin in different human intestinal epithelial cell types
      Title: Alarin in different human intestinal epithelial cell types.
    5. The present study provides the evidence that circulating Alarin levels are associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance.
      Title: High Circulating Alarin Levels Are Associated with Presence of Metabolic Syndrome.
    6. results indicated that obese individuals have higher plasma GAL and GALP concentrations and both peptide concentrations were positively correlative to triglyceride concentrations in obese human
      Title: Circulating galanin and galanin like peptide concentrations are correlated with increased triglyceride concentration in obese patients.
    7. One isoform (alarin) of this gene but not the other (galanin-like peptide) displays antimicrobial activity against E. coli.
      Title: Alarin but not its alternative-splicing form, GALP (Galanin-like peptide) has antimicrobial activity.
    8. Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
      Title: Intermediate phenotypes identify divergent pathways to Alzheimer's disease.
    9. reports immunostaining of human GALP in the dermal microvasculature.
      Title: Alarin is a vasoactive peptide.
    10. describes cloning of the full-length human GALP
      Title: Isolation and cDNA cloning of a novel galanin-like peptide (GALP) from porcine hypothalamus.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (13)

    Phenotypes

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    Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    Variation

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    See variants in ClinVar

    See studies and variants in dbVar

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

    Genotypes

    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Markers

    Homology

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables hormone activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in behavioral response to starvation IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in biological_process ND
    No biological Data available
    more info
    		  
    involved_in defense response to Gram-negative bacterium IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in modulation of process of another organism IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in neuropeptide signaling pathway IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in regulation of appetite IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in response to insulin IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    is_active_in cellular_component ND
    No biological Data available
    more info
    		  
    located_in extracellular region IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    galanin-like peptide
    Names
    alarin
    gal-like peptide

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_029931.2 RefSeqGene

      Range
      4989..14756
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001145546.2 → NP_001139018.1  galanin-like peptide isoform 2 precursor

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001139018.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) lacks an exon in the coding region, which results in a frameshift and an early stop codon compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (2) has a distinct and shorter C-terminus compared to isoform 1. This variant, termed alarin, is a candidate for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) but is being represented as protein-coding based on evidence supporting the transcript and protein described in PMID 16954604. The exon structure of this variant is based on Figure 1 from PMID 16954604.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC024580, AF188493
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS46202.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q9UBC7
      Related
      ENSP00000411521.1, ENST00000440823.1

    2. NM_033106.4 → NP_149097.1  galanin-like peptide isoform 1 precursor

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_149097.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longer transcript and encodes the longer isoform (1).
      Source sequence(s)
      AC024580, AF188493
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS12940.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A1KXL3, Q9UBC7
      Related
      ENSP00000349884.2, ENST00000357330.7
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01296
      Location:33 → 45
      Galanin; Galanin

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000019.10 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      56176008..56185775
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060943.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      59274899..59284560
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    Q9UBC7.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q9UBC7

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

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