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    A2m alpha-2-macroglobulin [ Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) ]

    Gene ID: 24153, updated on 2-Nov-2024

    Summary

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    Symbol
    A2mprovided by RGD
    Full Name
    alpha-2-macroglobulinprovided by RGD
    Primary source
    RGD:2004
    See related
    EnsemblRapid:ENSRNOG00000028896 AllianceGenome:RGD:2004
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    PROVISIONAL
    Organism
    Rattus norvegicus
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Rattus
    Also known as
    Mam; A2m1; A2mb; A2maa; A2MAC1
    Summary
    Enables endopeptidase inhibitor activity; identical protein binding activity; and neurotrophin binding activity. Involved in several processes, including acute inflammatory response; embryonic liver development; and luteinization. Located in extracellular space. Used to study hemolytic anemia and toxic shock syndrome. Biomarker of several diseases, including liver disease (multiple); membranous glomerulonephritis; osteonecrosis; peritonitis; and trypanosomiasis. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in COVID-19; background diabetic retinopathy; multiple sclerosis; neurodegenerative disease (multiple); and obstructive lung disease. Orthologous to human A2M (alpha-2-macroglobulin). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Nov 2024]
    Expression
    Biased expression in Liver (RPKM 371.9), Uterus (RPKM 135.2) and 3 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    human all
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    Genomic context

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    See A2m in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    4q42
    Exon count:
    36
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_02 current GRCr8 (GCF_036323735.1) 4 NC_086022.1 (156570163..156619870)
    RS_2023_06 previous assembly mRatBN7.2 (GCF_015227675.2) 4 NC_051339.1 (154897770..154947787)
    106 previous assembly Rnor_6.0 (GCF_000001895.5) 4 NC_005103.4 (154309426..154359138)

    Chromosome 4 - NC_086022.1Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 epsilon 1, pseudogene 2 Neighboring gene voltage-dependent anion channel 2, pseudogene 4 Neighboring gene thymosin beta-10 pseudogene Neighboring gene murinoglobulin 1 like 1 Neighboring gene salvador family WW domain containing protein 1, pseudogene 1

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

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    • Project title: A rat RNA-Seq transcriptomic BodyMap across 11 organs and 4 developmental stages A rat RNA-Seq transcriptomic BodyMap across 11 organs and 4 developmental stages
    • Description: 320 RNA samples isolated from 11 organs (adrenal gland, brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen, thymus, and testes or uterus) from both sexes of Fischer 344 rats across four developmental stages (2-, 6-, 21-, and 104-weeks-old)
    • BioProject: PRJNA238328
    • Publication: PMID 24510058
    • Analysis date: Mon Jun 6 17:44:12 2016

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum alters acute-phase response induced by lipopolysaccharide. Are C, et al. Surg Endosc, 2002 Oct. PMID 12042906
    2. Alpha 2 macroglobulin activity in rats infected with Typanosoma lewisi and treated with cyclophosphamide and its effect on the malignancy of the disease. Budovsky A, et al. J Vector Borne Dis, 2007 Jun. PMID 17722867
    3. Alpha-2-macroglobulin and albumin are useful serum proteins to detect subclinical peritonitis in the rat. van Westrhenen R, et al. Perit Dial Int, 2006 Jan-Feb. PMID 16538883
    4. Fever and acute phase reactants in the rat. van Vugt H, et al. Br J Exp Pathol, 1988 Aug. PMID 2460123, Free PMC Article
    5. alpha(2)-Macroglobulin: a novel cytochemical marker characterizing preneoplastic and neoplastic rat liver lesions negative for hitherto established cytochemical markers. Sukata T, et al. Am J Pathol, 2004 Nov. PMID 15509519, Free PMC Article

    See all (86) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Alpha-2-macroglobulin is involved in the occurrence of early-onset pre-eclampsia via its negative impact on uterine spiral artery remodeling and placental angiogenesis.
      Title: Alpha-2-macroglobulin is involved in the occurrence of early-onset pre-eclampsia via its negative impact on uterine spiral artery remodeling and placental angiogenesis.
    2. Gastric contents-induced acute lung injury elicits a liver acute phase response characterized by increased mRNA expression of alpha 2 macroglobulin and alpha1-antitrypsin.
      Title: Acute lung injury induced by whole gastric fluid: hepatic acute phase response contributes to increase lung antiprotease protection.
    3. elevated serum level correlated to glucocorticoid treatment and may represent a form of reparative response to glucocorticoid-associated damage of bone
      Title: Substrain-specific differences in bone parameters, alpha-2-macroglobulin circulating levels, and osteonecrosis incidence in a rat model.
    4. Differentiation of protein species of alpha-2u-globulin according to database entries
      Title: Differentiation of protein species of alpha-2u-globulin according to database entries: A half-theoretical approach.
    5. Peak serum levels of alpha(2)-macroglobulin and alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein injected at 0.05 mL/rat were significantly lower than those at 0.2 or 0.4 mL/rat. No significant differences were observed for peak serum levels at 0.2 and 0.4 mL/rat.
      Title: Relationship between production of acute-phase proteins and strength of inflammatory stimulation in rats.
    6. alpha(2)M induces protein factors whose interplay underlies radioprotection
      Title: Administration of rat acute-phase protein α(2)-macroglobulin before total-body irradiation initiates cytoprotective mechanisms in the liver.
    7. alpha2-macroglobulin is neurotoxic by inhibiting neuroprotective activity of nerve growth factor via TrkA receptors.
      Title: During glaucoma, alpha2-macroglobulin accumulates in aqueous humor and binds to nerve growth factor, neutralizing neuroprotection.
    8. Role of cardiac isoform of alpha-2 macroglobulin in diabetic myocardium.
      Title: Role of cardiac isoform of alpha-2 macroglobulin in diabetic myocardium.
    9. Alpha2-macroglobulin is a mediator of retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma
      Title: Alpha2-macroglobulin is a mediator of retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma.
    10. involvement of STAT5b in alpha(2)-macroglobulin gene expression during development
      Title: Nuclear localization and binding affinity of STAT5b for the alpha(2)-macroglobulin gene promoter during rat liver development and the acute-phase response.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (18)

    Pathways from PubChem

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    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Markers

    Homology

    Clone Names

    • MGC114358

    Gene Ontology Provided by RGD

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables brain-derived neurotrophic factor binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables calcium-dependent protein binding ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    enables endopeptidase inhibitor activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables endopeptidase inhibitor activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables endopeptidase inhibitor activity ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    enables enzyme binding ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    enables growth factor binding ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    enables identical protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables interleukin-1 binding ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    enables interleukin-8 binding ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    enables nerve growth factor binding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables protease binding IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables protease binding ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    enables serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    enables signaling receptor binding ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    enables tumor necrosis factor binding ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus IEP
    Inferred from Expression Pattern
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in acute-phase response IEP
    Inferred from Expression Pattern
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in embryonic liver development IEP
    Inferred from Expression Pattern
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in luteinization IEP
    Inferred from Expression Pattern
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of complement activation, lectin pathway ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    involved_in negative regulation of endopeptidase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in negative regulation of peptidase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in response to carbon dioxide IEP
    Inferred from Expression Pattern
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in response to glucocorticoid IEP
    Inferred from Expression Pattern
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in response to nutrient IEP
    Inferred from Expression Pattern
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in response to prostaglandin E IEP
    Inferred from Expression Pattern
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within stem cell differentiation ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    is_active_in extracellular space IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in extracellular space IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in extracellular space IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    located_in extracellular space ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    alpha-2-macroglobulin
    Names
    alpha-2-M
    alpha-2-macroglobulin-P

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_012488.2 → NP_036620.2  alpha-2-macroglobulin precursor

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_036620.2

      Status: PROVISIONAL

      Source sequence(s)
      BC098922
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P06238, Q4FZY3
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A6ILD0
      Related
      ENSRNOP00000019346.5, ENSRNOT00000019346.8
      Conserved Domains (6) summary
      cd02897
      Location:956 → 1262
      A2M_2; Proteins similar to alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha (2)-M). This group also contains the pregnancy zone protein (PZP). Alpha(2)-M and PZP are broadly specific proteinase inhibitors. Alpha (2)-M is a major carrier protein in serum. The structural thioester ...
      pfam00207
      Location:736 → 826
      A2M; Alpha-2-macroglobulin family
      pfam01835
      Location:132 → 224
      A2M_N; MG2 domain
      pfam07677
      Location:1374 → 1461
      A2M_recep; A-macroglobulin receptor
      pfam07678
      Location:1008 → 1263
      A2M_comp; A-macroglobulin complement component
      pfam07703
      Location:464 → 609
      A2M_N_2; Alpha-2-macroglobulin family N-terminal region

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_036323735.1-RS_2024_02

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCr8

    Genomic

    1. NC_086022.1 Reference GRCr8

      Range
      156570163..156619870
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
    Nucleotide Protein Strain
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    P06238.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P06238

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

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