Nephrotic syndrome with often-early onset defined by severe proteinuria with low serum albumin and possible edema. This disease is rare but severe as it usually progresses to end-stage renal failure. Mutations in the NPHS2 gene (chromosome 1q25-q31 and encoding podocine) have been found to be involved in autosomal recessive forms of the disease. Mutations in the podocine gene have also been detected in later-onset forms and in apparently sporadic forms. Mutations in the ACTN4 gene, coding for alpha-actinine 4, have been reported in autosomal dominant forms. Familial forms of idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome do not respond to any treatment with steroids or immunosuppressive drugs and the disease progress to terminal renal failure. [from SNOMEDCT_US]
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