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Cardiac syndrome X

MedGen UID:
104771
•Concept ID:
C0206064
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Angina Pectoris with Normal Coronary Arteriogram; Angina Syndrome X; Angina Syndrome Xs; Angina X Syndrome; Angina X Syndromes; Angina, Microvascular; Cardiac Syndrome X; Microvascular Angina; Syndrome X, Angina; Syndrome X, Cardiac; Syndrome Xs, Angina; Syndrome, Angina X; X Syndrome, Angina
SNOMED CT: Cardiac syndrome X (233845001); Chest pain with normal coronary angiography (233845001); Coronary small artery disease (233845001); Coronary microvascular disease (233845001); Microvascular angina (233845001)

Definition

A disorder affecting the smallest coronary arteries. Causes include atherosclerosis and arterial spasm. Chest pain is a frequently observed symptom. [from NCI]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVCardiac syndrome X

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Updates on Pharmacologic Management of Microvascular Angina.
Soleymani M, Masoudkabir F, Shabani M, Vasheghani-Farahani A, Behnoush AH, Khalaji A
Cardiovasc Ther 2022;2022:6080258. Epub 2022 Oct 25 doi: 10.1155/2022/6080258. PMID: 36382021Free PMC Article
Coronary microvascular dysfunction, microvascular angina, and treatment strategies.
Marinescu MA, Löffler AI, Ouellette M, Smith L, Kramer CM, Bourque JM
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015 Feb;8(2):210-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.12.008. PMID: 25677893Free PMC Article
Ranolazine: Drug overview and possible role in primary microvascular angina management.
Cattaneo M, Porretta AP, Gallino A
Int J Cardiol 2015 Feb 15;181:376-81. Epub 2014 Dec 23 doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.12.055. PMID: 25555283

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Association of pessimism with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality.
Krittanawong C, Maitra NS, Khawaja M, Wang Z, Fogg S, Rozenkrantz L, Virani SS, Levin M, Storch EA, Tobler PN, Charney DS, Levine GN
Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2023 Jan-Feb;76:91-98. Epub 2022 Nov 30 doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2022.11.018. PMID: 36462555
Cardiac syndrome X - the present knowledge.
Piegza M, Wierzba D, Piegza J
Psychiatr Pol 2021 Apr 30;55(2):363-375. doi: 10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/113196. PMID: 34365485
Exercise and Coronary Heart Disease.
Akyuz A
Adv Exp Med Biol 2020;1228:169-179. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-1792-1_11. PMID: 32342457
Tongxinluo Capsule () for Cardiac Syndrome X: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Mao HM, Liu M, Qu H, Wang LQ, Shi DZ
Chin J Integr Med 2018 Apr;24(4):296-303. Epub 2017 Aug 17 doi: 10.1007/s11655-017-2762-8. PMID: 28819776
Women, cardiac syndrome X, and microvascular heart disease.
Arthur HM, Campbell P, Harvey PJ, McGillion M, Oh P, Woodburn E, Hodgson C
Can J Cardiol 2012 Mar-Apr;28(2 Suppl):S42-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.09.006. PMID: 22424283

Diagnosis

Association of pessimism with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality.
Krittanawong C, Maitra NS, Khawaja M, Wang Z, Fogg S, Rozenkrantz L, Virani SS, Levin M, Storch EA, Tobler PN, Charney DS, Levine GN
Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2023 Jan-Feb;76:91-98. Epub 2022 Nov 30 doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2022.11.018. PMID: 36462555
Cardiac syndrome X - the present knowledge.
Piegza M, Wierzba D, Piegza J
Psychiatr Pol 2021 Apr 30;55(2):363-375. doi: 10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/113196. PMID: 34365485
Coronary microvascular dysfunction, microvascular angina, and treatment strategies.
Marinescu MA, Löffler AI, Ouellette M, Smith L, Kramer CM, Bourque JM
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015 Feb;8(2):210-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.12.008. PMID: 25677893Free PMC Article
Cardiac syndrome X: mystery continues.
Parsyan A, Pilote L
Can J Cardiol 2012 Mar-Apr;28(2 Suppl):S3-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.09.017. PMID: 22424282
Cardiac syndrome X: a reassuring diagnosis?
Hunter MS
Menopause 2009 Jan-Feb;16(1):13-4. doi: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31818d8a9d. PMID: 18971790

Therapy

Association of pessimism with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality.
Krittanawong C, Maitra NS, Khawaja M, Wang Z, Fogg S, Rozenkrantz L, Virani SS, Levin M, Storch EA, Tobler PN, Charney DS, Levine GN
Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2023 Jan-Feb;76:91-98. Epub 2022 Nov 30 doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2022.11.018. PMID: 36462555
Updates on Pharmacologic Management of Microvascular Angina.
Soleymani M, Masoudkabir F, Shabani M, Vasheghani-Farahani A, Behnoush AH, Khalaji A
Cardiovasc Ther 2022;2022:6080258. Epub 2022 Oct 25 doi: 10.1155/2022/6080258. PMID: 36382021Free PMC Article
Tongxinluo Capsule () for Cardiac Syndrome X: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Mao HM, Liu M, Qu H, Wang LQ, Shi DZ
Chin J Integr Med 2018 Apr;24(4):296-303. Epub 2017 Aug 17 doi: 10.1007/s11655-017-2762-8. PMID: 28819776
Cardiac Syndrome X: update 2014.
Agrawal S, Mehta PK, Bairey Merz CN
Cardiol Clin 2014 Aug;32(3):463-78. Epub 2014 Jun 2 doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2014.04.006. PMID: 25091971Free PMC Article
Cardiac syndrome X: mystery continues.
Parsyan A, Pilote L
Can J Cardiol 2012 Mar-Apr;28(2 Suppl):S3-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.09.017. PMID: 22424282

Prognosis

Level of Anxiety and Depression in Cardiac Syndrome X.
Cekirdekci EI, Bugan B
Med Princ Pract 2019;28(1):82-86. Epub 2018 Nov 5 doi: 10.1159/000495109. PMID: 30396178Free PMC Article
Cardiac Syndrome X: update 2014.
Agrawal S, Mehta PK, Bairey Merz CN
Cardiol Clin 2014 Aug;32(3):463-78. Epub 2014 Jun 2 doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2014.04.006. PMID: 25091971Free PMC Article
Cardiac syndrome X and microvascular coronary dysfunction.
Jones E, Eteiba W, Merz NB
Trends Cardiovasc Med 2012 Aug;22(6):161-8. Epub 2012 Sep 29 doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.07.014. PMID: 23026403Free PMC Article
Women, cardiac syndrome X, and microvascular heart disease.
Arthur HM, Campbell P, Harvey PJ, McGillion M, Oh P, Woodburn E, Hodgson C
Can J Cardiol 2012 Mar-Apr;28(2 Suppl):S42-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.09.006. PMID: 22424283
Cardiac syndrome X: mystery continues.
Parsyan A, Pilote L
Can J Cardiol 2012 Mar-Apr;28(2 Suppl):S3-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.09.017. PMID: 22424282

Clinical prediction guides

Updates on Pharmacologic Management of Microvascular Angina.
Soleymani M, Masoudkabir F, Shabani M, Vasheghani-Farahani A, Behnoush AH, Khalaji A
Cardiovasc Ther 2022;2022:6080258. Epub 2022 Oct 25 doi: 10.1155/2022/6080258. PMID: 36382021Free PMC Article
Microvascular angina (Cardiac Syndrome X) from a historical overview, epidemiology, pathophysiology to treatment recommendations - a minireview.
Jarczewski J, Jarczewska A, Boryczko A, Poniatowski A, Furgała A, Surdacki A, Gil K
Folia Med Cracov 2021 Sep 29;61(3):95-114. doi: 10.24425/fmc.2021.138954. PMID: 34882667
Cardiac syndrome X - the present knowledge.
Piegza M, Wierzba D, Piegza J
Psychiatr Pol 2021 Apr 30;55(2):363-375. doi: 10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/113196. PMID: 34365485
Level of Anxiety and Depression in Cardiac Syndrome X.
Cekirdekci EI, Bugan B
Med Princ Pract 2019;28(1):82-86. Epub 2018 Nov 5 doi: 10.1159/000495109. PMID: 30396178Free PMC Article
Therapeutic development in cardiac syndrome X: a need to target the underlying pathophysiology.
Lim TK, Choy AJ, Khan F, Belch JJ, Struthers AD, Lang CC
Cardiovasc Ther 2009 Spring;27(1):49-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2008.00070.x. PMID: 19207480

Recent systematic reviews

Association of pessimism with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality.
Krittanawong C, Maitra NS, Khawaja M, Wang Z, Fogg S, Rozenkrantz L, Virani SS, Levin M, Storch EA, Tobler PN, Charney DS, Levine GN
Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2023 Jan-Feb;76:91-98. Epub 2022 Nov 30 doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2022.11.018. PMID: 36462555
The effect of nicorandil in patients with cardiac syndrome X: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Jia Q, Shi S, Yuan G, Shi J, Shi S, Wei Y, Hu Y
Medicine (Baltimore) 2020 Sep 11;99(37):e22167. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000022167. PMID: 32925783Free PMC Article
Tongxinluo Capsule () for Cardiac Syndrome X: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Mao HM, Liu M, Qu H, Wang LQ, Shi DZ
Chin J Integr Med 2018 Apr;24(4):296-303. Epub 2017 Aug 17 doi: 10.1007/s11655-017-2762-8. PMID: 28819776
Coronary microvascular dysfunction, microvascular angina, and treatment strategies.
Marinescu MA, Löffler AI, Ouellette M, Smith L, Kramer CM, Bourque JM
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015 Feb;8(2):210-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.12.008. PMID: 25677893Free PMC Article
Potential effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine for cardiac syndrome X (CSX): a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Wang JY, Xiao L, Chen J, Zhai JB, Mu W, Mao JY, Shang H
BMC Complement Altern Med 2013 Mar 17;13:62. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-62. PMID: 23497135Free PMC Article

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