U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Toxic shock syndrome

MedGen UID:
109414
•Concept ID:
C0600327
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Shock Syndrome, Toxic; Shock, Toxic; Toxic Shock; Toxic Shock Syndrome; Toxic Shock Syndromes
SNOMED CT: TSS - Toxic shock syndrome (18504008); Toxic shock syndrome (18504008); Gram-positive septic shock (18504008)
Modes of inheritance:
Not genetically inherited
MedGen UID:
988794
•Concept ID:
CN307044
•
Finding
Source: Orphanet
clinical entity without genetic inheritance.
See: This record
Not genetically inherited (Orphanet)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0001881
Orphanet: ORPHA36234

Definition

Bacterial toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a potentially fatal, acute disease characterized by a sudden onset of high fever along with nausea, myalgia, vomiting and multisystem organ involvement, potentially leading to shock and death. TSS is mediated by superantigenic toxins, usually caused by an infection with <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> in staphylococcal TSS (see this term) or <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> in streptococcal TSS (see this term). [from ORDO]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVToxic shock syndrome

Professional guidelines

PubMed

ICU Management of Invasive β-Hemolytic Streptococcal Infections.
Babiker A, Kadri SS
Infect Dis Clin North Am 2022 Dec;36(4):861-887. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2022.07.007. PMID: 36328640
Treatment of severe skin and soft tissue infections: a review.
Burnham JP, Kollef MH
Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018 Apr;31(2):113-119. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000431. PMID: 29278528Free PMC Article
Toxic shock syndrome - the seven Rs of management and treatment.
Wilkins AL, Steer AC, Smeesters PR, Curtis N
J Infect 2017 Jun;74 Suppl 1:S147-S152. doi: 10.1016/S0163-4453(17)30206-2. PMID: 28646955

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Prognostic factors for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bartoszko JJ, Elias Z, Rudziak P, Lo CKL, Thabane L, Mertz D, Loeb M
BMJ Open 2022 Dec 1;12(12):e063023. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063023. PMID: 36456018Free PMC Article
ICU Management of Invasive β-Hemolytic Streptococcal Infections.
Babiker A, Kadri SS
Infect Dis Clin North Am 2022 Dec;36(4):861-887. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2022.07.007. PMID: 36328640
Device-Associated Menstrual Toxic Shock Syndrome.
Schlievert PM, Davis CC
Clin Microbiol Rev 2020 Jun 17;33(3) Epub 2020 May 27 doi: 10.1128/CMR.00032-19. PMID: 32461307Free PMC Article
Toxic shock syndrome - the seven Rs of management and treatment.
Wilkins AL, Steer AC, Smeesters PR, Curtis N
J Infect 2017 Jun;74 Suppl 1:S147-S152. doi: 10.1016/S0163-4453(17)30206-2. PMID: 28646955
Barrier contraceptives.
Connell EB
Clin Obstet Gynecol 1989 Jun;32(2):377-86. doi: 10.1097/00003081-198906000-00022. PMID: 2663278

Diagnosis

Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome.
Barros Pinto MP
J Hematop 2023 Sep;16(3):189-190. Epub 2023 May 11 doi: 10.1007/s12308-023-00547-6. PMID: 38175396
Menstrual toxic shock syndrome.
Seike T, Kanaya T, Oishi N
CMAJ 2022 Apr 19;194(15):E555. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.211284. PMID: 35440505Free PMC Article
Toxic Shock Syndrome: Still a Timely Diagnosis.
Gossack-Keenan KL, Kam AJ
Pediatr Emerg Care 2020 Mar;36(3):e163-e165. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000001310. PMID: 29040243
The Evaluation and Management of Toxic Shock Syndrome in the Emergency Department: A Review of the Literature.
Gottlieb M, Long B, Koyfman A
J Emerg Med 2018 Jun;54(6):807-814. Epub 2018 Jan 20 doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.12.048. PMID: 29366615
Toxic shock syndrome - the seven Rs of management and treatment.
Wilkins AL, Steer AC, Smeesters PR, Curtis N
J Infect 2017 Jun;74 Suppl 1:S147-S152. doi: 10.1016/S0163-4453(17)30206-2. PMID: 28646955

Therapy

Prognostic factors for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bartoszko JJ, Elias Z, Rudziak P, Lo CKL, Thabane L, Mertz D, Loeb M
BMJ Open 2022 Dec 1;12(12):e063023. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063023. PMID: 36456018Free PMC Article
Acceptability and safety of the menstrual cup: A systematic review of the literature.
Arenas-Gallo C, Ramírez-Rocha G, González-Hakspiel L, Merlano-Alcendra C, Palomino-Suárez D, Rueda-Espinel S
Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol 2020 Jun;71(2):163-177. doi: 10.18597/rcog.3425. PMID: 32770872
Device-Associated Menstrual Toxic Shock Syndrome.
Schlievert PM, Davis CC
Clin Microbiol Rev 2020 Jun 17;33(3) Epub 2020 May 27 doi: 10.1128/CMR.00032-19. PMID: 32461307Free PMC Article
Polyspecific Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Clindamycin-treated Patients With Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Parks T, Wilson C, Curtis N, Norrby-Teglund A, Sriskandan S
Clin Infect Dis 2018 Oct 15;67(9):1434-1436. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy401. PMID: 29788397Free PMC Article
The Evaluation and Management of Toxic Shock Syndrome in the Emergency Department: A Review of the Literature.
Gottlieb M, Long B, Koyfman A
J Emerg Med 2018 Jun;54(6):807-814. Epub 2018 Jan 20 doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.12.048. PMID: 29366615

Prognosis

Prognostic factors for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bartoszko JJ, Elias Z, Rudziak P, Lo CKL, Thabane L, Mertz D, Loeb M
BMJ Open 2022 Dec 1;12(12):e063023. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063023. PMID: 36456018Free PMC Article
The Evaluation and Management of Toxic Shock Syndrome in the Emergency Department: A Review of the Literature.
Gottlieb M, Long B, Koyfman A
J Emerg Med 2018 Jun;54(6):807-814. Epub 2018 Jan 20 doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.12.048. PMID: 29366615
Treatment of severe skin and soft tissue infections: a review.
Burnham JP, Kollef MH
Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018 Apr;31(2):113-119. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000431. PMID: 29278528Free PMC Article
Effectiveness of clindamycin and intravenous immunoglobulin, and risk of disease in contacts, in invasive group a streptococcal infections.
Carapetis JR, Jacoby P, Carville K, Ang SJ, Curtis N, Andrews R
Clin Infect Dis 2014 Aug 1;59(3):358-65. Epub 2014 Apr 29 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu304. PMID: 24785239
Vasculitis.
Smith JG Jr
J Dermatol 1995 Nov;22(11):812-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1995.tb03929.x. PMID: 8557852

Clinical prediction guides

Prognostic factors for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bartoszko JJ, Elias Z, Rudziak P, Lo CKL, Thabane L, Mertz D, Loeb M
BMJ Open 2022 Dec 1;12(12):e063023. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063023. PMID: 36456018Free PMC Article
Distinguishing Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children From COVID-19, Kawasaki Disease and Toxic Shock Syndrome.
Godfred-Cato S, Abrams JY, Balachandran N, Jaggi P, Jones K, Rostad CA, Lu AT, Fan L, Jabbar A, Anderson EJ, Kao CM, Hunstad DA, Rosenberg RB, Zafferani MJ, Ede KC, Ballan W, Laham FR, Beltran Y, Bryant B, Meng L, Hammett TA, Oster ME, Bamrah Morris S, Belay ED
Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022 Apr 1;41(4):315-323. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000003449. PMID: 35093995Free PMC Article
Treatment of severe skin and soft tissue infections: a review.
Burnham JP, Kollef MH
Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018 Apr;31(2):113-119. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000431. PMID: 29278528Free PMC Article
Vasculitis.
Smith JG Jr
J Dermatol 1995 Nov;22(11):812-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1995.tb03929.x. PMID: 8557852
Toxic shock syndrome.
Todd JK
Clin Microbiol Rev 1988 Oct;1(4):432-46. doi: 10.1128/CMR.1.4.432. PMID: 3069202Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Prognostic factors for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bartoszko JJ, Elias Z, Rudziak P, Lo CKL, Thabane L, Mertz D, Loeb M
BMJ Open 2022 Dec 1;12(12):e063023. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063023. PMID: 36456018Free PMC Article
Invasive group A streptococcal disease in pregnant women and young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Sherwood E, Vergnano S, Kakuchi I, Bruce MG, Chaurasia S, David S, Dramowski A, Georges S, Guy R, Lamagni T, Levy-Bruhl D, Lyytikäinen O, Naus M, Okaro JO, Oppegaard O, Vestrheim DF, Zulz T, Steer AC, Van Beneden CA, Seale AC
Lancet Infect Dis 2022 Jul;22(7):1076-1088. Epub 2022 Apr 4 doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00672-1. PMID: 35390294Free PMC Article
Acceptability and safety of the menstrual cup: A systematic review of the literature.
Arenas-Gallo C, Ramírez-Rocha G, González-Hakspiel L, Merlano-Alcendra C, Palomino-Suárez D, Rueda-Espinel S
Rev Colomb Obstet Ginecol 2020 Jun;71(2):163-177. doi: 10.18597/rcog.3425. PMID: 32770872
Menstrual cup use, leakage, acceptability, safety, and availability: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
van Eijk AM, Zulaika G, Lenchner M, Mason L, Sivakami M, Nyothach E, Unger H, Laserson K, Phillips-Howard PA
Lancet Public Health 2019 Aug;4(8):e376-e393. Epub 2019 Jul 16 doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30111-2. PMID: 31324419Free PMC Article
Polyspecific Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Clindamycin-treated Patients With Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Parks T, Wilson C, Curtis N, Norrby-Teglund A, Sriskandan S
Clin Infect Dis 2018 Oct 15;67(9):1434-1436. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy401. PMID: 29788397Free PMC Article

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Reviews

    Related information

    • MeSH
      Related Medical Subject Headings
    • PMC Articles
      Related information in PubMed Central Links
    • PubMed
      Related literature resources in PubMed

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...