A connection of the right and left kidney by an isthmus of functioning renal parenchyma or fibrous tissue that crosses the midline.

A developmental defect in which a kidney is located in an abnormal anatomic position.

A fluid filled sac in the kidney.

Underdevelopment of the humerus.

Clinodactyly refers to a bending or curvature of the fifth finger in the radial direction (i.e., towards the 4th finger).

In utero, the ductus arteriosus (DA) serves to divert ventricular output away from the lungs and toward the placenta by connecting the main pulmonary artery to the descending aorta. A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in the first 3 days of life is a physiologic shunt in healthy term and preterm newborn infants, and normally is substantially closed within about 24 hours after bith and completely closed after about three weeks. Failure of physiologcal closure is referred to a persistent or patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Depending on the degree of left-to-right shunting, PDA can have clinical consequences.

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital abnormality of the interatrial septum that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum.

A hole between the two bottom chambers (ventricles) of the heart. The defect is centered around the most superior aspect of the ventricular septum.

Slow or limited growth after birth.

Abnormal narrowing of the anal opening.

Anterior malposition of the anus.

A condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter.

An abnormality of vibrational conductance of sound to the inner ear leading to impairment of sensory perception of sound.

Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.

A type of abnormal location of the ears in which the position of the ears is characterized by posterior rotation (the superior part of the ears is rotated towards the back of the head, and the inferior part of the ears towards the front).

Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.

A cavity within the cerebral hemisphere, filled with cerebrospinal fluid, that communicates directly with the ventricular system.

Developmental hypoplasia of the mandible.

The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

An elbow contracture that limits the ability of the elbow joint to be extended (straightened), meaning that the elbow is fixed in an flexed (bent) position.

Radiolucent focal defect of a rib shaft.

Presence of only 11 pairs of ribs.

Radiolucent focal defect of the posterior portion of a rib shaft. The 'gaps' may lead to flail chest.

Underdevelopment of the malar prominence of the jugal bone (zygomatic bone in mammals), appreciated in profile, frontal view, and/or by palpation.

The presence of abnormal punctate (speckled, dot-like) calcifications in the epiphysis of the calcaneus.

The rib cage has the shape of a wide mouthed bell. That is, the superior portion of the rib cage is constricted, followed by a convex region, and the inferior portion of the rib cage expands again to have a large diameter.

Presence of only 10 (instead of the usual 12) pairs of ribs.

Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.

An abnormality of the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, normally 16 to 20 in number, that occupy the anterior two-thirds of the circumference of the trachea (the posterior portion of the ring is completed by fibrous and smooth muscle tissue).

Respiratory difficulty as newborn.

A type of speech characterized by the presence of an abnormally increased nasal airflow during speech associated with structural abnormality of the nasal passages.

Caries is a multifactorial bacterial infection affecting the structure of the tooth. This term has been used to describe the presence of more than expected dental caries.

Pierre Robin sequence is a craniofacial anomaly comprising mandibular hypoplasia, cleft secondary palate, and glossoptosis leading to life-threatening obstructive apnea and feeding difficulaties during the neonatal period (summary by Tan et al., 2013).

Pterygium colli is a congenital skin fold that runs along the sides of the neck down to the shoulders. It involves an ectopic fibrotic facial band superficial to the trapezius muscle. Excess hair-bearing skin is also present and extends down the cervical region well beyond the normal hairline.

Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).

Posterior displacement of the tongue into the pharynx, i.e., a tongue that is mislocalised posteriorly.

The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations below the mean.

Cleft of the soft palate (also known as the velum, or muscular palate) as a result of a developmental defect occurring between the 7th and 12th week of pregnancy. Cleft soft palate can cause functional abnormalities of the Eustachian tube with resulting middle ear anomalies and hearing difficulties, as well as speech problems associated with hypernasal speech due to velopharyngeal insufficiency.

Epicanthus is a condition in which a fold of skin stretches from the upper to the lower eyelid, partially covering the inner canthus. Usher (1935) noted that epicanthus is a normal finding in the fetus of all races. Epicanthus also occurs in association with hereditary ptosis (110100).

Distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border more than 2 SD above the mean. Alternatively, an apparently increased distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border.

Cleft palate is a developmental defect of the palate resulting from a failure of fusion of the palatine processes and manifesting as a separation of the roof of the mouth (soft and hard palate).

Distance between the labial point of the incisive papilla to the midline junction of the hard and soft palate more than 2 SD below the mean (objective) or apparently decreased length of the hard palate (subjective).

A gap in the lip or lips.

The presence of excess amniotic fluid in the uterus during pregnancy.