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Dopa-responsive dystonia due to sepiapterin reductase deficiency(SRD)

MedGen UID:
120642
Concept ID:
C0268468
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: DYT-SPR; Sepiapterin reductase deficiency; SPR deficiency
SNOMED CT: Dopa responsive dystonia due to sepiapterin reductase deficiency (1187545003)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal recessive inheritance
MedGen UID:
141025
Concept ID:
C0441748
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).
 
Gene (location): SPR (2p13.2)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0012994
OMIM®: 612716
Orphanet: ORPHA70594

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Sepiapterin Reductase Deficiency
The phenotypic spectrum of sepiapterin reductase deficiency (SRD), which ranges from significant motor and cognitive deficits to only minimal findings, has not been completely elucidated. Clinical features in the majority of affected individuals include motor and speech delay, axial hypotonia, dystonia, weakness, and oculogyric crises; symptoms show diurnal fluctuation and sleep benefit. Other common features include parkinsonian signs (tremor, bradykinesia, masked facies, rigidity), limb hypertonia, hyperreflexia, intellectual disability, psychiatric and/or behavioral abnormalities, autonomic dysfunction, and sleep disturbances (hypersomnolence, difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, and drowsiness). Most affected individuals have nonspecific features in infancy including developmental delays and axial hypotonia; other features develop over time. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Jennifer Friedman   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
SPR deficiency results in neurologic deterioration due to severe dopamine and serotonin deficiencies in the central nervous system caused by a defect in BH4 synthesis. Clinically, affected individuals show an L-DOPA-responsive, diurnally fluctuating movement disorder usually associated with cognitive delay and severe neurologic dysfunction. BH4 is a required cofactor for the synthesis of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin. BH4 is also a required cofactor for phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH; 612349), but patients with SPR deficiency do not exhibit overt hyperphenylalaninemia. The lack of hyperphenylalaninemia distinguishes SPR deficiency from other disorders of BH4 synthesis (see, e.g., HPABH4A, 261640). However, the neurologic phenotype of SPR deficiency resembles the other BH4-deficient disorders (summary by Bonafe et al., 2001 and Friedman et al., 2012). Another form of dopa-responsive dystonia (DTY5; 128230) is caused by mutation in the gene encoding GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH1; 600225), which is also a component of the biopterin synthetic pathway.  http://www.omim.org/entry/612716
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Dopa-responsive dystonia is a disorder that involves involuntary muscle contractions, tremors, and other uncontrolled movements (dystonia). The features of this condition range from mild to severe. This form of dystonia is called dopa-responsive dystonia because the signs and symptoms typically improve with sustained use of a medication known as L-Dopa.

Signs and symptoms of dopa-responsive dystonia usually appear during childhood, most commonly around age 6. The first signs of the condition are typically the development of inward- and upward-turning feet (clubfeet) and dystonia in the lower limbs. The dystonia spreads to the upper limbs over time; beginning in adolescence, the whole body is typically involved. Affected individuals may have unusual limb positioning and a lack of coordination when walking or running. Some people with this condition have sleep problems or episodes of depression more frequently than would normally be expected.

Rarely, the movement problems associated with dopa-responsive dystonia do not appear until adulthood. In these adult-onset cases, parkinsonism usually develops before dystonia, and movement problems are slow to worsen and do not show diurnal fluctuations.

Over time, affected individuals often develop a group of movement abnormalities called parkinsonism. These abnormalities include unusually slow movement (bradykinesia), muscle rigidity, tremors, and an inability to hold the body upright and balanced (postural instability).

The movement difficulties associated with dopa-responsive dystonia usually worsen with age but stabilize around age 30. A characteristic feature of dopa-responsive dystonia is worsening of movement problems later in the day and an improvement of symptoms in the morning, after sleep (diurnal fluctuation).  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/dopa-responsive-dystonia
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Sepiapterin reductase deficiency is a condition characterized by movement problems, most often a pattern of involuntary, sustained muscle contractions known as dystonia. Other movement problems can include muscle stiffness (spasticity), tremors, problems with coordination and balance (ataxia), and involuntary jerking movements (chorea). People with sepiapterin reductase deficiency can experience episodes called oculogyric crises. These episodes involve abnormal rotation of the eyeballs; extreme irritability and agitation; and pain, muscle spasms, and uncontrolled movements, especially of the head and neck. Movement abnormalities are often worse late in the day. Most affected individuals have delayed development of motor skills such as sitting and crawling, and they typically are not able to walk unassisted. The problems with movement tend to worsen over time.

People with sepiapterin reductase deficiency may have additional signs and symptoms including an unusually small head size (microcephaly), intellectual disability, seizures, excessive sleeping, and mood swings.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/sepiapterin-reductase-deficiency

Clinical features

From HPO
Growth delay
MedGen UID:
99124
Concept ID:
C0456070
Pathologic Function
A deficiency or slowing down of growth pre- and postnatally.
Aggressive behavior
MedGen UID:
1375
Concept ID:
C0001807
Individual Behavior
Behavior or an act aimed at harming a person, animal, or physical property (e.g., acts of physical violence; shouting, swearing, and using harsh language; slashing someone's tires).
Cerebellar ataxia
MedGen UID:
849
Concept ID:
C0007758
Disease or Syndrome
Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly).
Depression
MedGen UID:
4229
Concept ID:
C0011581
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Frequently experiencing feelings of being down, miserable, and/or hopeless; struggling to recover from these moods; having a pessimistic outlook on the future; feeling a pervasive sense of shame; having a low self-worth; experiencing thoughts of suicide and engaging in suicidal behavior.
Dysarthria
MedGen UID:
8510
Concept ID:
C0013362
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.
Dystonic disorder
MedGen UID:
3940
Concept ID:
C0013421
Sign or Symptom
An abnormally increased muscular tone that causes fixed abnormal postures. There is a slow, intermittent twisting motion that leads to exaggerated turning and posture of the extremities and trunk.
Spasticity
MedGen UID:
7753
Concept ID:
C0026838
Sign or Symptom
A motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone, exaggerated (hyperexcitable) tendon reflexes.
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
Concept ID:
C0036572
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Sleep abnormality
MedGen UID:
52372
Concept ID:
C0037317
Sign or Symptom
An abnormal pattern in the quality, quantity, or characteristics of sleep.
Tremor
MedGen UID:
21635
Concept ID:
C0040822
Sign or Symptom
An unintentional, oscillating to-and-fro muscle movement about a joint axis.
Choreoathetosis
MedGen UID:
39313
Concept ID:
C0085583
Disease or Syndrome
Involuntary movements characterized by both athetosis (inability to sustain muscles in a fixed position) and chorea (widespread jerky arrhythmic movements).
Oculogyric crisis
MedGen UID:
43221
Concept ID:
C0085637
Pathologic Function
An acute dystonic reaction with blepharospasm, periorbital twitches, and protracted fixed staring episodes. There may be a maximal upward deviation of the eyes in the sustained fashion. Oculogyric crisis can be triggered by a number of factors including neuroleptic medications.
Hyperactivity
MedGen UID:
98406
Concept ID:
C0424295
Finding
Hyperactivity is a condition characterized by constant and unusually high levels of activity, even in situations where it is deemed inappropriate.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Oculomotor apraxia
MedGen UID:
483686
Concept ID:
C3489733
Disease or Syndrome
Ocular motor apraxia is a deficiency in voluntary, horizontal, lateral, fast eye movements (saccades) with retention of slow pursuit movements. The inability to follow objects visually is often compensated by head movements. There may be decreased smooth pursuit, and cancelation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Frequent falls
MedGen UID:
163408
Concept ID:
C0850703
Finding
Axial hypotonia
MedGen UID:
342959
Concept ID:
C1853743
Finding
Muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone) affecting the musculature of the trunk.
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
Concept ID:
C4551563
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
Transient hyperphenylalaninemia
MedGen UID:
78679
Concept ID:
C0268464
Disease or Syndrome
A condition of not having consistently high levels of phenylalanine in the blood but of experiencing temporary hyperphenylalaninemia following ingestion of large quantities of phenylalanine (for instance, following an oral loading test with phenylalanine).
Hyperphenylalaninemia
MedGen UID:
155558
Concept ID:
C0751435
Disease or Syndrome
An increased concentration of L-phenylalanine in the blood.
Abnormal circulating neopterin concentration
MedGen UID:
892970
Concept ID:
C4073154
Finding
Any deviation from the normal concentration of neopterin in the blood circulation.
Abnormal circulating biopterin concentration
MedGen UID:
892572
Concept ID:
C4073158
Finding
A deviation from the normal concentration of biopterin in the blood circulation.
Reduced sepiapterin reductase activity in cultured fibroblasts
MedGen UID:
1052970
Concept ID:
CN377395
Finding
Acitivity of sepiapterin reductase (7,8-dihydrobiopterin:NADP+ oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.153) below the lower limit of normal in cultured fibroblasts.

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
Follow this link to review classifications for Dopa-responsive dystonia due to sepiapterin reductase deficiency in Orphanet.

Recent clinical studies

Diagnosis

Friedman JR
Pediatr Neurol 2016 Jun;59:76-80. Epub 2016 Mar 4 doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.12.016. PMID: 27080360

Therapy

Friedman JR
Pediatr Neurol 2016 Jun;59:76-80. Epub 2016 Mar 4 doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2015.12.016. PMID: 27080360

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