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Virilization

MedGen UID:
12099
•Concept ID:
C0042755
•
Pathologic Function
Synonym: Virilism
SNOMED CT: Virilization (15160007); Virilism (15160007); Masculinization (15160007)

Definition

The abnormal development of male secondary sexual characteristics due to excessive androgens. [from NCI]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Current and future perspectives on clinical management of classic 21-hydroxylase deficiency.
Yogi A, Kashimada K
Endocr J 2023 Oct 30;70(10):945-957. Epub 2023 Jun 29 doi: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ23-0075. PMID: 37380491
Management of Growth Disorders in Puberty: GH, GnRHa, and Aromatase Inhibitors: A Clinical Review.
Mauras N, Ross J, Mericq V
Endocr Rev 2023 Jan 12;44(1):1-13. doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnac014. PMID: 35639981
EAA clinical practice guidelines-gynecomastia evaluation and management.
Kanakis GA, Nordkap L, Bang AK, Calogero AE, Bártfai G, Corona G, Forti G, Toppari J, Goulis DG, Jørgensen N
Andrology 2019 Nov;7(6):778-793. Epub 2019 May 16 doi: 10.1111/andr.12636. PMID: 31099174

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Approach to androgen excess in women: Clinical and biochemical insights.
Cussen L, McDonnell T, Bennett G, Thompson CJ, Sherlock M, O'Reilly MW
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022 Aug;97(2):174-186. Epub 2022 Mar 29 doi: 10.1111/cen.14710. PMID: 35349173Free PMC Article
Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Adrenal Cortical Tumors.
Mete O, Erickson LA, Juhlin CC, de Krijger RR, Sasano H, Volante M, Papotti MG
Endocr Pathol 2022 Mar;33(1):155-196. Epub 2022 Mar 14 doi: 10.1007/s12022-022-09710-8. PMID: 35288842Free PMC Article
Hirsutism in Women.
Matheson E, Bain J
Am Fam Physician 2019 Aug 1;100(3):168-175. PMID: 31361105
Endocrinology of Transgender Medicine.
T'Sjoen G, Arcelus J, Gooren L, Klink DT, Tangpricha V
Endocr Rev 2019 Feb 1;40(1):97-117. doi: 10.1210/er.2018-00011. PMID: 30307546
Pharmacology of anabolic steroids.
Kicman AT
Br J Pharmacol 2008 Jun;154(3):502-21. doi: 10.1038/bjp.2008.165. PMID: 18500378Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Approach to Investigation of Hyperandrogenism in a Postmenopausal Woman.
Hirschberg AL
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023 Apr 13;108(5):1243-1253. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac673. PMID: 36409990Free PMC Article
Postmenopausal hyperandrogenism.
Yoldemir T
Climacteric 2022 Apr;25(2):109-117. Epub 2021 May 14 doi: 10.1080/13697137.2021.1915273. PMID: 33988479
Pediatric adrenocortical tumours.
Pinto EM, Zambetti GP, Rodriguez-Galindo C
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020 May;34(3):101448. Epub 2020 Jul 3 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101448. PMID: 32636100
Androgen insensitivity syndrome: a review.
Batista RL, Costa EMF, Rodrigues AS, Gomes NL, Faria JA Jr, Nishi MY, Arnhold IJP, Domenice S, Mendonca BB
Arch Endocrinol Metab 2018 Mar-Apr;62(2):227-235. doi: 10.20945/2359-3997000000031. PMID: 29768628Free PMC Article
Klinefelter syndrome.
Smyth CM, Bremner WJ
Arch Intern Med 1998 Jun 22;158(12):1309-14. doi: 10.1001/archinte.158.12.1309. PMID: 9645824

Therapy

Management of Growth Disorders in Puberty: GH, GnRHa, and Aromatase Inhibitors: A Clinical Review.
Mauras N, Ross J, Mericq V
Endocr Rev 2023 Jan 12;44(1):1-13. doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnac014. PMID: 35639981
Hirsutism in Women.
Matheson E, Bain J
Am Fam Physician 2019 Aug 1;100(3):168-175. PMID: 31361105
Endocrinology of Transgender Medicine.
T'Sjoen G, Arcelus J, Gooren L, Klink DT, Tangpricha V
Endocr Rev 2019 Feb 1;40(1):97-117. doi: 10.1210/er.2018-00011. PMID: 30307546
CLINICAL PRACTICE. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
McCartney CR, Marshall JC
N Engl J Med 2016 Jul 7;375(1):54-64. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1514916. PMID: 27406348Free PMC Article
Pharmacology of anabolic steroids.
Kicman AT
Br J Pharmacol 2008 Jun;154(3):502-21. doi: 10.1038/bjp.2008.165. PMID: 18500378Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Adrenal Cortical Tumors.
Mete O, Erickson LA, Juhlin CC, de Krijger RR, Sasano H, Volante M, Papotti MG
Endocr Pathol 2022 Mar;33(1):155-196. Epub 2022 Mar 14 doi: 10.1007/s12022-022-09710-8. PMID: 35288842Free PMC Article
Pediatric adrenocortical tumours.
Pinto EM, Zambetti GP, Rodriguez-Galindo C
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020 May;34(3):101448. Epub 2020 Jul 3 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101448. PMID: 32636100
Adrenocortical cancer treatment.
Patalano A, Brancato V, Mantero F
Horm Res 2009 Jan;71 Suppl 1:99-104. Epub 2009 Jan 21 doi: 10.1159/000178049. PMID: 19153517
Inducing puberty.
Delemarre EM, Felius B, Delemarre-van de Waal HA
Eur J Endocrinol 2008 Dec;159 Suppl 1:S9-15. Epub 2008 Sep 16 doi: 10.1530/EJE-08-0314. PMID: 18796540
Klinefelter syndrome.
Smyth CM, Bremner WJ
Arch Intern Med 1998 Jun 22;158(12):1309-14. doi: 10.1001/archinte.158.12.1309. PMID: 9645824

Clinical prediction guides

The clinical characteristics and quality of life of 248 pediatric and adult patients with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia.
Shafaay EA, Aldriweesh MA, Aljahdali GL, Babiker A, Alomar AO, Alharbi KM, Aldalaan H, Alenazi A, Alangari AS, Alsagheir A, Adriaansen BPH, Claahsen-van der Grinten HL, Al Alwan I
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023;14:1122435. Epub 2023 Jun 6 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1122435. PMID: 37347111Free PMC Article
Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Adrenal Cortical Tumors.
Mete O, Erickson LA, Juhlin CC, de Krijger RR, Sasano H, Volante M, Papotti MG
Endocr Pathol 2022 Mar;33(1):155-196. Epub 2022 Mar 14 doi: 10.1007/s12022-022-09710-8. PMID: 35288842Free PMC Article
Hirsutism in Women.
Matheson E, Bain J
Am Fam Physician 2019 Aug 1;100(3):168-175. PMID: 31361105
Recovery of reproductive function following androgen abuse.
Christou MA, Tigas S
Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2018 Jun;25(3):195-200. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000406. PMID: 29389675
Adrenocortical cancer treatment.
Patalano A, Brancato V, Mantero F
Horm Res 2009 Jan;71 Suppl 1:99-104. Epub 2009 Jan 21 doi: 10.1159/000178049. PMID: 19153517

Recent systematic reviews

Gonadotropins for pubertal induction in males with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Alexander EC, Faruqi D, Farquhar R, Unadkat A, Ng Yin K, Hoskyns R, Varughese R, Howard SR
Eur J Endocrinol 2024 Jan 3;190(1):S1-S11. doi: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad166. PMID: 38128110Free PMC Article
Androgen use in bone marrow failures and myeloid neoplasms: Mechanisms of action and a systematic review of clinical data.
Bosi A, Barcellini W, Passamonti F, Fattizzo B
Blood Rev 2023 Nov;62:101132. Epub 2023 Sep 9 doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2023.101132. PMID: 37709654
Nandrolone Decanoate: Use, Abuse and Side Effects.
Patanè FG, Liberto A, Maria Maglitto AN, Malandrino P, Esposito M, Amico F, Cocimano G, Rosi GL, Condorelli D, Nunno ND, Montana A
Medicina (Kaunas) 2020 Nov 11;56(11) doi: 10.3390/medicina56110606. PMID: 33187340Free PMC Article
Progestogen for preventing miscarriage.
Haas DM, Ramsey PS
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013 Oct 31;(10):CD003511. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003511.pub3. PMID: 24173668
Prenatal dexamethasone use for the prevention of virilization in pregnancies at risk for classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia because of 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2) deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analyses.
Mercè Fernández-Balsells M, Muthusamy K, Smushkin G, Lampropulos JF, Elamin MB, Abu Elnour NO, Elamin KB, Agrwal N, Gallegos-Orozco JF, Lane MA, Erwin PJ, Montori VM, Murad MH
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010 Oct;73(4):436-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03826.x. PMID: 20550539

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