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Sialuria

MedGen UID:
137980
Concept ID:
C0342853
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Sialic Acid Storage Disease; Sialuria, French type
SNOMED CT: Sialuria (238051008)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal dominant inheritance
MedGen UID:
141047
Concept ID:
C0443147
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes. In the context of medical genetics, an autosomal dominant disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele.
 
Gene (location): GNE (9p13.3)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0010028
OMIM®: 269921
Orphanet: ORPHA3166

Definition

Sialuria is a rare inborn error of metabolism in which excessive free sialic acid is synthesized. Clinical features include hepatosplenomegaly, coarse facial features, and varying degrees of developmental delay (summary by Enns et al., 2001). [from OMIM]

Additional description

From MedlinePlus Genetics
Sialuria is a rare disorder that affects development. Infants with sialuria are often born with a yellow tint to the skin and the whites of the eyes (neonatal jaundice), an enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), and unusually small red blood cells (microcytic anemia). They may develop a somewhat flat face and distinctive-looking facial features that are described as "coarse." Temporarily delayed development and weak muscle tone (hypotonia) have also been reported.

Young children with sialuria tend to have frequent upper respiratory infections and episodes of dehydration and stomach upset (gastroenteritis). Older children may have seizures and learning difficulties. In some affected children, intellectual development is nearly normal.

The features of sialuria vary widely among affected people. Many of the problems associated with this disorder appear to improve with age, although little is known about the long-term effects of the disease. It is likely that some adults with sialuria never come to medical attention because they have very mild signs and symptoms or no health problems related to the condition.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/sialuria

Clinical features

From HPO
Increased level of N-acetylneuraminic acid in urine
MedGen UID:
1639053
Concept ID:
C4703650
Finding
An increase in the level of N-acetylneuraminic acid in the urine.
Long hallux
MedGen UID:
400514
Concept ID:
C1864375
Finding
Increased length of the big toe.
2-3 toe syndactyly
MedGen UID:
1645640
Concept ID:
C4551570
Congenital Abnormality
Syndactyly with fusion of toes two and three.
Growth abnormality
MedGen UID:
808205
Concept ID:
C0262361
Finding
Hepatomegaly
MedGen UID:
42428
Concept ID:
C0019209
Finding
Abnormally increased size of the liver.
Protuberant abdomen
MedGen UID:
340750
Concept ID:
C1854928
Finding
A thrusting or bulging out of the abdomen.
Low-set ears
MedGen UID:
65980
Concept ID:
C0239234
Congenital Abnormality
Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.
Intellectual disability, mild
MedGen UID:
10044
Concept ID:
C0026106
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Mild intellectual disability is defined as an intelligence quotient (IQ) in the range of 50-69.
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
Concept ID:
C0036572
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Sleep apnea
MedGen UID:
11458
Concept ID:
C0037315
Disease or Syndrome
An intermittent cessation of airflow at the mouth and nose during sleep is known as sleep apnea. Apneas that last at least 10 seconds are considered significant, but individuals with sleep apnea may experience apneas lasting from 20 seconds up to 2 or 3 minutes. Patients may have up to 15 events per hour of sleep.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
MedGen UID:
220387
Concept ID:
C1263846
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder that typically begins in childhood and is characterized by a short attention span (inattention), an inability to be calm and stay still (hyperactivity), and poor impulse control (impulsivity). Some people with ADHD have problems with only inattention or with hyperactivity and impulsivity, but most have problems related to all three features.\n\nIn people with ADHD, the characteristic behaviors are frequent and severe enough to interfere with the activities of daily living such as school, work, and relationships with others. Because of an inability to stay focused on tasks, people with inattention may be easily distracted, forgetful, avoid tasks that require sustained attention, have difficulty organizing tasks, or frequently lose items.\n\nHyperactivity is usually shown by frequent movement. Individuals with this feature often fidget or tap their foot when seated, leave their seat when it is inappropriate to do so (such as in the classroom), or talk a lot and interrupt others.\n\nIn most affected individuals, ADHD continues throughout life, but in about one-third of individuals, signs and symptoms of ADHD go away by adulthood.\n\nImpulsivity can result in hasty actions without thought for the consequences. Individuals with poor impulse control may have difficulty waiting for their turn, deferring to others, or considering their actions before acting.\n\nMore than two-thirds of all individuals with ADHD have additional conditions, including insomnia, mood or anxiety disorders, learning disorders, or substance use disorders. Affected individuals may also have autism spectrum disorder, which is characterized by impaired communication and social interaction, or Tourette syndrome, which is a disorder characterized by repetitive and involuntary movements or noises called tics.
Poor fine motor coordination
MedGen UID:
356863
Concept ID:
C1867864
Finding
An abnormality of the ability (skills) to perform a precise movement of small muscles with the intent to perform a specific act. Fine motor skills are required to mediate movements of the wrists, hands, fingers, feet, and toes.
Inguinal hernia
MedGen UID:
6817
Concept ID:
C0019294
Finding
Protrusion of the contents of the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal.
Scoliosis
MedGen UID:
11348
Concept ID:
C0036439
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
Frontal bossing
MedGen UID:
67453
Concept ID:
C0221354
Congenital Abnormality
Bilateral bulging of the lateral frontal bone prominences with relative sparing of the midline.
Thoracic hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
373339
Concept ID:
C1837482
Congenital Abnormality
Macrocephaly
MedGen UID:
745757
Concept ID:
C2243051
Finding
Occipitofrontal (head) circumference greater than 97th centile compared to appropriate, age matched, sex-matched normal standards. Alternatively, a apparently increased size of the cranium.
Splenomegaly
MedGen UID:
52469
Concept ID:
C0038002
Finding
Abnormal increased size of the spleen.
Macroglossia
MedGen UID:
44236
Concept ID:
C0024421
Disease or Syndrome
Increased length and width of the tongue.
High palate
MedGen UID:
66814
Concept ID:
C0240635
Congenital Abnormality
Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).
Epicanthus
MedGen UID:
151862
Concept ID:
C0678230
Congenital Abnormality
Epicanthus is a condition in which a fold of skin stretches from the upper to the lower eyelid, partially covering the inner canthus. Usher (1935) noted that epicanthus is a normal finding in the fetus of all races. Epicanthus also occurs in association with hereditary ptosis (110100).
Smooth philtrum
MedGen UID:
222980
Concept ID:
C1142533
Finding
Flat skin surface, with no ridge formation in the central region of the upper lip between the nasal base and upper vermilion border.
Prominent forehead
MedGen UID:
373291
Concept ID:
C1837260
Finding
Forward prominence of the entire forehead, due to protrusion of the frontal bone.
Coarse facial features
MedGen UID:
335284
Concept ID:
C1845847
Finding
Absence of fine and sharp appearance of brows, nose, lips, mouth, and chin, usually because of rounded and heavy features or thickened skin with or without thickening of subcutaneous and bony tissues.
Wide nasal bridge
MedGen UID:
341441
Concept ID:
C1849367
Finding
Increased breadth of the nasal bridge (and with it, the nasal root).
Low posterior hairline
MedGen UID:
383755
Concept ID:
C1855728
Finding
Hair on the neck extends more inferiorly than usual.
Long philtrum
MedGen UID:
351278
Concept ID:
C1865014
Finding
Distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border more than 2 SD above the mean. Alternatively, an apparently increased distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border.
Thin upper lip vermilion
MedGen UID:
355352
Concept ID:
C1865017
Finding
Height of the vermilion of the upper lip in the midline more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently reduced height of the vermilion of the upper lip in the frontal view (subjective).
Periorbital fullness
MedGen UID:
1710990
Concept ID:
C4760994
Finding
Increase in periorbital soft tissue.
Hirsutism
MedGen UID:
42461
Concept ID:
C0019572
Disease or Syndrome
Abnormally increased hair growth referring to a male pattern of body hair (androgenic hair).
Synophrys
MedGen UID:
98132
Concept ID:
C0431447
Congenital Abnormality
Meeting of the medial eyebrows in the midline.
Generalized hirsutism
MedGen UID:
336538
Concept ID:
C1849211
Finding
Abnormally increased hair growth over much of the entire body.
Hypoplastic nipples
MedGen UID:
98156
Concept ID:
C0432355
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the nipple.
Hypertelorism
MedGen UID:
9373
Concept ID:
C0020534
Finding
Although hypertelorism means an excessive distance between any paired organs (e.g., the nipples), the use of the word has come to be confined to ocular hypertelorism. Hypertelorism occurs as an isolated feature and is also a feature of many syndromes, e.g., Opitz G syndrome (see 300000), Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (175700), and Noonan syndrome (163950) (summary by Cohen et al., 1995).

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Rao PV, Lu X, Pattee P, Turner M, Nandgaonkar S, Paturi BT, Roberts CT Jr, Nagalla SR
J Assoc Physicians India 2005 Jun;53:521-6. PMID: 16121806

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Donoghue SE, Heath O, Pitt J, Hong KM, Fuller M, Smith J
Clin Chem Lab Med 2022 Oct 26;60(11):1855-1858. Epub 2022 Aug 25 doi: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0473. PMID: 36000484
Champaigne NL, Leroy JG, Kishnani PS, Decaestecker J, Steenkiste E, Chaubey A, Li J, Verslype C, Van Dorpe J, Pollard L, Goldstein JL, Libbrecht L, Basehore M, Chen N, Hu H, Wood T, Friez MJ, Huizing M, Stevenson RE
Mol Genet Metab 2016 Jun;118(2):92-9. Epub 2016 Apr 16 doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.04.004. PMID: 27142465Free PMC Article
Son YD, Jeong YT, Park SY, Kim JH
Glycobiology 2011 Aug;21(8):1019-28. Epub 2011 Mar 24 doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwr034. PMID: 21436238
Darvish D
Med Hypotheses 2003 Jan;60(1):94-101. doi: 10.1016/s0306-9877(02)00339-0. PMID: 12450772
Enns GM, Seppala R, Musci TJ, Weisiger K, Ferrell LD, Wenger DA, Gahl WA, Packman S
J Inherit Metab Dis 2001 Jun;24(3):328-36. doi: 10.1023/a:1010588115479. PMID: 11486897

Diagnosis

Aulanko I, Rahikkala E, Moilanen J
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023 Oct;32(10):2043-2047. Epub 2022 Jul 7 doi: 10.1007/s00787-022-02031-5. PMID: 35796883Free PMC Article
Donoghue SE, Heath O, Pitt J, Hong KM, Fuller M, Smith J
Clin Chem Lab Med 2022 Oct 26;60(11):1855-1858. Epub 2022 Aug 25 doi: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0473. PMID: 36000484
Champaigne NL, Leroy JG, Kishnani PS, Decaestecker J, Steenkiste E, Chaubey A, Li J, Verslype C, Van Dorpe J, Pollard L, Goldstein JL, Libbrecht L, Basehore M, Chen N, Hu H, Wood T, Friez MJ, Huizing M, Stevenson RE
Mol Genet Metab 2016 Jun;118(2):92-9. Epub 2016 Apr 16 doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.04.004. PMID: 27142465Free PMC Article
Enns GM, Seppala R, Musci TJ, Weisiger K, Ferrell LD, Wenger DA, Gahl WA, Packman S
J Inherit Metab Dis 2001 Jun;24(3):328-36. doi: 10.1023/a:1010588115479. PMID: 11486897
Leroy JG, Seppala R, Huizing M, Dacremont G, De Simpel H, Van Coster RN, Orvisky E, Krasnewich DM, Gahl WA
Am J Hum Genet 2001 Jun;68(6):1419-27. Epub 2001 Apr 18 doi: 10.1086/320598. PMID: 11326336Free PMC Article

Therapy

Aulanko I, Rahikkala E, Moilanen J
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023 Oct;32(10):2043-2047. Epub 2022 Jul 7 doi: 10.1007/s00787-022-02031-5. PMID: 35796883Free PMC Article
Wen XY, Tarailo-Graovac M, Brand-Arzamendi K, Willems A, Rakic B, Huijben K, Da Silva A, Pan X, El-Rass S, Ng R, Selby K, Philip AM, Yun J, Ye XC, Ross CJ, Lehman AM, Zijlstra F, Abu Bakar N, Drögemöller B, Moreland J, Wasserman WW, Vallance H, van Scherpenzeel M, Karbassi F, Hoskings M, Engelke U, de Brouwer A, Wevers RA, Pshezhetsky AV, van Karnebeek CD, Lefeber DJ
JCI Insight 2018 Dec 20;3(24) doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.122373. PMID: 30568043Free PMC Article
Darvish D
Med Hypotheses 2003 Jan;60(1):94-101. doi: 10.1016/s0306-9877(02)00339-0. PMID: 12450772

Prognosis

Yardeni T, Choekyi T, Jacobs K, Ciccone C, Patzel K, Anikster Y, Gahl WA, Kurochkina N, Huizing M
Biochemistry 2011 Oct 18;50(41):8914-25. Epub 2011 Sep 19 doi: 10.1021/bi201050u. PMID: 21910480Free PMC Article
Kurochkina N, Yardeni T, Huizing M
Glycobiology 2010 Mar;20(3):322-37. Epub 2009 Nov 16 doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwp176. PMID: 19917666Free PMC Article
Enns GM, Seppala R, Musci TJ, Weisiger K, Ferrell LD, Wenger DA, Gahl WA, Packman S
J Inherit Metab Dis 2001 Jun;24(3):328-36. doi: 10.1023/a:1010588115479. PMID: 11486897
Don NA, Wilcken B
J Inherit Metab Dis 1991;14(6):942. doi: 10.1007/BF01800480. PMID: 1779656
Stevenson RE, Lubinsky M, Taylor HA, Wenger DA, Schroer RJ, Olmstead PM
Pediatrics 1983 Oct;72(4):441-9. PMID: 6889058

Clinical prediction guides

Donoghue SE, Heath O, Pitt J, Hong KM, Fuller M, Smith J
Clin Chem Lab Med 2022 Oct 26;60(11):1855-1858. Epub 2022 Aug 25 doi: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0473. PMID: 36000484
Champaigne NL, Leroy JG, Kishnani PS, Decaestecker J, Steenkiste E, Chaubey A, Li J, Verslype C, Van Dorpe J, Pollard L, Goldstein JL, Libbrecht L, Basehore M, Chen N, Hu H, Wood T, Friez MJ, Huizing M, Stevenson RE
Mol Genet Metab 2016 Jun;118(2):92-9. Epub 2016 Apr 16 doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.04.004. PMID: 27142465Free PMC Article
Yardeni T, Choekyi T, Jacobs K, Ciccone C, Patzel K, Anikster Y, Gahl WA, Kurochkina N, Huizing M
Biochemistry 2011 Oct 18;50(41):8914-25. Epub 2011 Sep 19 doi: 10.1021/bi201050u. PMID: 21910480Free PMC Article
Kurochkina N, Yardeni T, Huizing M
Glycobiology 2010 Mar;20(3):322-37. Epub 2009 Nov 16 doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwp176. PMID: 19917666Free PMC Article
Kayashima T, Matsuo H, Satoh A, Ohta T, Yoshiura K, Matsumoto N, Nakane Y, Niikawa N, Kishino T
J Hum Genet 2002;47(2):77-9. doi: 10.1007/s100380200004. PMID: 11916006

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