An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the chest.

A subjective feeling of tiredness characterized by a lack of energy and motivation.

A sudden sensation of feeling cold.

Increased levels of protein in the urine.

The presence of renal casts (cylindrical, cigar-shaped structures produced by the kidney in certain disease states) in the urine.

Hematuria that is visible upon inspection of the urine.

Presence of erythrocyte casts (cylindrical structures produced by the kidney in certain disease states) in the urine.

A reduction in the level of performance of the kidneys in areas of function comprising the concentration of urine, removal of wastes, the maintenance of electrolyte balance, homeostasis of blood pressure, and calcium metabolism.

Glomerular crescent refers hyperplastic lesions involving 10% or more of the circumference of Bowman's capsule. Crescents can be composed of a variable mixture of epithelial/leukocyte hypercellularity, fibrous matrix, and fibrin.

Pulmonary hemorrhage is a bleeding within the lungs. Older children and adults may spit blood or bloody sputum. Neonates, infants and young children usually do not spit up blood. Anemia, pulmonary infiltrates, increasingling bloody return on BAL and the presence of hemosiderin-laden macrophages in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid or lung biopsy can diagnose lung bleeding. Alveolar macrophages contain phagocytosed red blood cells and stain positive for hemosiderin, a product of hemoglobin degradation, after about 48-72 hours following pulmonary hemorraghe. Previous or recurrent bleeding can thus be distinguished from fresh events. A differentiation into local or diffuse is of importance. Also differentiate if pulmonary hemorrhage is due to a primary lung disorder or a manifestation of a systemic disease.

Reduction of total body weight.

A reduction in erythrocytes volume or hemoglobin concentration.

A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation.

Coughing up (expectoration) of blood or blood-streaked sputum from the larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs.

Crackles are discontinuous, explosive, and nonmusical adventitious lung sounds normally heard in inspiration and sometimes during expiration. Crackles are usually classified as fine and coarse crackles based on their duration, loudness, pitch, timing in the respiratory cycle, and relationship to coughing and changing body position.

Perceived difficulty to breathe that occurs with exercise or exertion and improves with rest.

Very rapid breathing.

A finding indicating the presence of an inflammatory or neoplastic cellular infiltrate in the lung parenchyma.

A functional defect characterized by reduced total lung capacity (TLC) not associated with abnormalities of expiratory airflow or airway resistance. Spirometrically, a restrictive defect is defined as FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) and FVC (forced vital capacity) less than 80 per cent. Restrictive lung disease may be caused by alterations in lung parenchyma or because of a disease of the pleura, chest wall, or neuromuscular apparatus.

Increased ability of the lungs to transfer gas from inspired air to the bloodstream as measured by the diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) test.

On pulmonary high-resolution computed tomography, reticular pattern is characterized by innumerable interlacing shadows suggesting a mesh.

A nodular pattern is characterized on pulmonary high-resolution computed tomography by the presence of numerous rounded opacities that range from 2 mm to 1 cm in diameter, with micronodules defined as smaller than 3 mm in diameter.

Consolidation refers to an exudate or other product of disease that replaces alveolar air, rendering the lung solid (as in infective pneumonia).

Hemosiderin-laden macrophages (HLM) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were originally known as adiagnostic biomarker of alveolar hemorrhage, but have also been observed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) with histopathological pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP).

Return of lavage fluid characteristically has a bloody appearance in pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage. This is due to admixture of blood, which typically increases with each consecutive lavage portion. Microscopically erythrocytes can be seen. After 24 to 48 h macrophages contain phagocytosed erythrocytes, indicating previous bleeding.

On chest radiographs, ground-glass opacity appears as an area of hazy increased lung opacity, usually extensive, within which margins of pulmonary vessels may be indistinct. On CT scans, it appears as hazy increased opacity of lung, with preservation of bronchial and vascular margins. It is caused by partial filling of airspaces, interstitial thickening (due to fluid, cells, and/or fibrosis), partial collapse of alveoli, increased capillary blood volume, or a combination of these, the common factor being the partial displacement of air. Ground-glass opacity is less opaque than consolidation, in which bronchovascular margins are obscured.

Inflammation of the renal glomeruli.

The presence of autoantibodies in the serum that react against proteins predominantly expressed in cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils.

The presence of autoantibodies in the serum that react to the glomerular basement membrane.

The presence of autoantibodies in the blood circulation that react against myeloperoxidase.

Body temperature elevated above the normal range.

An increased amount of nitrogen in the form of urea in the blood.

Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosa due to poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of arterial or capillary blood.

Abnormally pale skin.