Spermatogenic failure-18 is a form of male infertility caused by multiple morphologic abnormalities of the sperm flagella (Ben Khelifa et al., 2014). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-19 is characterized by multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF), including absent, short, coiled, bent, and irregular-caliber flagella (Tang et al., 2017). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-20 is characterized by multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella, including absent, short, coiled, bent, and irregular-caliber flagella (Tang et al., 2017). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-24 (SPGF24) is characterized by multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF), including absent, short, coiled, bent, and irregular-caliber flagella. Malformations of the sperm head have also been observed. In addition, patients exhibit very low sperm concentrations and total sperm counts per ejaculate (Dong et al., 2018). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-27 (SPGF27) is characterized by infertility due to multiple morphologic abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF), a phenotype also designated as 'dysplasia of the fibrous sheath,' 'short tails,' or 'stump tails.' Spermatozoa in the ejaculate exhibit short, irregular, coiled, or absent flagella. Ultrastructural analysis shows loss of the central pair of microtubules, loss of the inner dynein arms, and peripheral doublet disorganization (Lores et al., 2018). For a discussion of the phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-33 (SPGF33) is characterized by multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF), resulting in immotile spermatozoa and infertility. Short and irregular-caliber flagella are primarily observed, as well as absent and coiled flagella, and abnormalities of the acrosome, head, and base are also present (Kherraf et al., 2018). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-34 (SPGF34) is characterized by multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF), resulting in immotile spermatozoa and infertility. Irregular-caliber, short, and coiled flagella are primarily observed, as well as absent flagella, and abnormalities of the axoneme are also present (Martinez et al., 2018). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-35 (SPGF35) is characterized by multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF), resulting in spermatozoa with severely impaired motility and infertility. Short, thickened, and coiled flagella are primarily observed, as well as absent flagella, and abnormalities of axonemal composition are also present (Shen et al., 2019).

Spermatogenic failure-37 (SPGF37) is characterized by primary male infertility with asthenoteratozoospermia. Spermatozoa exhibit severely reduced motility due to multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF), primarily consisting of short or absent flagella. Neck defects at the head-tail junction are frequently seen (Liu et al., 2019). For a general description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-39 (SPGF39) is characterized by infertility due to asthenozoospermia. In some patients, spermatozoa exhibit multiple morphologic anomalies of the sperm flagellum (MMAF), including short, absent, irregularly shaped, and coiled flagella. Abnormalities of the sperm head and midpiece have also been observed, and ultrastructural analysis shows a lack of the outer dynein arms (ODAs) in sperm cells. In other patients, sperm do not exhibit MMAF, and ultrastructural analysis shows that many flagella lack 1 or more of microtubule doublets (MTDs) 4 to 7 at the principal piece or end piece; however, ODAs are present at the remaining MTDs (Whitfield et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2020). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-40 (SPGF40) is characterized by multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF), including absent, short, bent, coiled, and irregular-caliber tails, resulting in severely reduced to absent motility. Patient spermatozoa may also show morphologic defects of the sperm head, with acrosomal hypoplasia or aplasia (Wang et al., 2019; Li et al., 2020). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-41 (SPGF41) is characterized by infertility due to multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF). Patient semen analysis has also shown oligozoospermia, and the flagellar abnormalities include short, absent, coiled, and irregular-caliber flagella. Some sperm show tapered heads and acrosomal abnormalities (Beurois et al., 2019). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-42 (SPGF42) is characterized by infertility and spermatozoa with almost no progressive motility due to multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF), including short, absent, coiled, irregular-caliber, and/or bent flagella. Some spermatozoa also show abnormalities of the head, acrosome, midpiece, or endpiece (Lores et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2019). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-45 (SPGF45) is characterized by male infertility due to severe teratozoospermia. Sperm in affected men exhibit multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF), including flagella that are short, absent, coiled, angulated, and/or of irregular caliber; some sperm also show abnormalities of the head. Ultrastructural analysis shows severe disruption of the axonemal complex and mitochondrial sheath (Li et al., 2019). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-46 (SPGF46) is characterized by male infertility due to asthenoteratozoospermia. Sperm of affected men exhibit multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF), including flagella that are absent, short, coiled, angulated, and/or of irregular caliber. Ultrastructural analysis shows disorganization of axonemal and periaxonemal structures (Liu et al., 2020). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-47 (SPGF47) is characterized by male infertility due to asthenoteratospermia. Affected individuals have reduced sperm concentrations and spermatozoa are immotile, with short or absent flagella as well as centriolar abnormalities (Lv et al., 2020). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see 258150.

Spermatogenic failure-49 (SPGF49) is characterized by male infertility due to multiple morphologic abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF), primarily coiled and short flagella, with markedly reduced or no progressive motility (He et al., 2020). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see 258150.

X-linked spermatogenic failure-3 (SPGFX3) is characterized by male infertility due to multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-51 (SPGF51) is characterized by male infertility due to severe asthenoteratozoospermia. Patients exhibit multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF), including absent, short, bent, coiled, and irregular-caliber tails, resulting in severely reduced to absent motility. Abnormalities of the sperm head, base, and acrosome have also been observed (Martinez et al., 2020). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-54 (SPGF54) is characterized by male infertility due to oligoteratoasthenozoospermia, with markedly reduced sperm counts and severely reduced or absent sperm motility (Arafat et al., 2021). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-56 (SPGF56) is characterized by male infertility due to multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF), resulting in severely reduced sperm motility (Tu et al., 2021). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-58 (SPGF58) is characterized by male infertility due to multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF). Sperm are immotile or show severely reduced progressive motility due to short and irregular caliber flagella as well as bent, coiled, and absent flagella. Head abnormalities have also been observed, including acrosomal and postacrosomal defects (Lores et al., 2021). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-65 (SPGF65) is characterized by male infertility due to asthenoteratozoospermia. Progressive sperm motility is severely reduced or absent, and patients exhibit multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF), including coiled, irregular-caliber, short, and absent flagella. Abnormalities of the flagellar midpiece are also present (Tan et al., 2022). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of SPGF, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-72 (SPGF72) is characterized by male infertility due to multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF), including coiled, short, angulated, absent, and irregular-caliber flagella, resulting in lack of sperm motility (Ni et al., 2020). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-76 (SPGF76) is characterized by male infertility due to oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF) have been observed, including short, absent, and irregular caliber flagella. Ultrastructural anomalies include disordered outer dense fibers and abnormal 9+2 microtubular structures (Cong et al., 2022). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Primary ciliary dyskinesia-49 (CILD49) without situs inversus is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the onset of recurrent respiratory infections, chronic cough, and bronchiectasis in early childhood due to defective ciliary clearance. Affected males also show infertility due to defective flagellar morphology and function. Nasal nitric oxide (NO) levels are normal and situs abnormalities are not observed (Sha et al., 2020; Biebach et al., 2022). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of primary ciliary dyskinesia, see CILD1 (244400).

Spermatogenic failure-80 (SPGF80) is characterized by male infertility due to multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF), including short, coiled, absent, and irregular-caliber flagella, with correspondingly reduced or absent progressive motility of sperm. Abnormalities of the sperm head have also been observed. Severe axonemal disorganization is evident on transmission electron microscopy (Zhang et al., 2021). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

X-linked spermatogenic failure-5 (SPGFX5) is characterized by male infertility due to asthenoteratozoospermia. Patient sperm shows reduced or absent progressive motility, and multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF) are observed, including short, coiled, irregular caliber, absent, and/or angulated flagella. Pregnancy may be achieved by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (Liu et al., 2023). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

X-linked spermatogenic failure-6 (SPGFX6) is characterized by male infertility due to asthenoteratozoospermia. Patient spermatozoa show reduced progressive motility, and multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF) are observed, primarily short and coiled flagella. Pregnancy can be achieved by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) (Liu et al., 2021). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Spermatogenic failure-82 (SPGF82) is characterized by male infertility due to multiple morphologic abnormalities of the sperm flagella (Liu et al., 2023). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of spermatogenic failure, see SPGF1 (258150).

Primary ciliary dyskinesia-50 (CILD50) is characterized by chronic sinusitis and bronchitis as well as male infertility. Patient sperm have markedly reduced progressive motility, and multiple morphologic abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF) have been observed. Ultrastructurally, patients exhibit defects or loss of the inner dynein arms of the sperm flagella (Wei et al., 2021; Gao et al., 2022). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of primary ciliary dyskinesia, see CILD1 (244400).

Spermatogenic failure-84 (SPGF84) is characterized by male infertility due to multiple morphologic abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF), including irregular-caliber, bent, coiled, absent, or short tails, resulting in severely reduced motility. Some patients also have a reduced sperm count (Liu et al., 2021; Hu et al., 2023). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of SPGF, see SPGF1 (258150).

Primary ciliary dyskinesia-51 (CILD51) is characterized by male infertility due to multiple morphologic abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF), resulting in severely reduced progressive motility. Some men also have a low sperm count. In addition, affected individuals experience chronic rhinosinusitis and bronchitis, and recurrent upper and lower respiratory infections, and some exhibit dextrocardia and/or situs inversus (Guo et al., 2021). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of primary ciliary dyskinesia, see CILD1 (244400).