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Joubert syndrome 1(JBTS1)

MedGen UID:
1644883
Concept ID:
C4551568
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Cerebellooculorenal syndrome 1; INPP5E-Related Joubert Syndrome; JBTS1
 
Gene (location): INPP5E (9q34.3)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0008944
OMIM®: 213300

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Joubert Syndrome
Classic Joubert syndrome (JS) is characterized by three primary findings: A distinctive cerebellar and brain stem malformation called the molar tooth sign (MTS). Hypotonia. Developmental delays. Often these findings are accompanied by episodic tachypnea or apnea and/or atypical eye movements. In general, the breathing abnormalities improve with age, truncal ataxia develops over time, and acquisition of gross motor milestones is delayed. Cognitive abilities are variable, ranging from severe intellectual disability to normal. Additional findings can include retinal dystrophy, renal disease, ocular colobomas, occipital encephalocele, hepatic fibrosis, polydactyly, oral hamartomas, and endocrine abnormalities. Both intra- and interfamilial variation are seen. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Melissa Parisi  |  Ian Glass   view full author information

Additional description

From OMIM
Joubert syndrome is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis with the characteristic neuroradiologic 'molar tooth sign,' and accompanying neurologic symptoms, including dysregulation of breathing pattern and developmental delay. Other variable features include retinal dystrophy and renal anomalies (Saraiva and Baraitser, 1992; Valente et al., 2005). Genetic Heterogeneity of Joubert Syndrome See also JBTS2 (608091), caused by mutation in the TMEM216 gene (613277) on chromosome 11q13; JBTS3 (608629), caused by mutation in the AHI1 gene (608894) on chromosome 6q23; JBTS4 (609583), caused by mutation in the NPHP1 gene (607100) on chromosome 2q13; JBTS5 (610188), caused by mutation in the CEP290 gene, also called NPHP6 (610142), on chromosome 12q21; JBTS6 (610688), caused by mutation in the TMEM67 gene (609884) on chromosome 8q21; JBTS7 (611560), caused by mutation in the RPGRIP1L gene (610937) on chromosome 16q12; JBTS8 (612291), caused by mutation in the ARL13B (608922) on chromosome 3q11; JBTS9 (612285), caused by mutation in the CC2D2A gene (612013) on chromosome 4p15; JBTS10 (300804), caused by mutation in the CXORF5 gene (300170) on chromosome Xp22; JBTS11 (see 613820), caused by mutation in the TTC21B gene (612014) on chromosome 2q24; JBTS12 (see 200990), caused by mutation in the KIF7 gene (611254) on chromosome 15q26; JBTS13 (614173), caused by mutation in the TCTN1 gene (609863) on chromosome 12q24; JBTS14 (614424), caused by mutation in the TMEM237 gene (614423) on chromosome 2q33; JBTS15 (614464), caused by mutation in the CEP41 gene (610523) on chromosome 7q32; JBTS16 (614465), caused by mutation in the TMEM138 gene (614459) on chromosome 11q; JBTS17 (614615), caused by mutation in the CPLANE1 gene (614571) on chromosome 5p13; JBTS18 (614815), caused by mutation in the TCTN3 gene (613847) on chromosome 10q24; JBTS19 (see 614844), caused by mutation in the ZNF423 gene (604577) on chromosome 16q12; JBTS20 (614970), caused by mutation in the TMEM231 gene (614949) on chromosome 16q23; JBTS21 (615636), caused by mutation in the CSPP1 gene (611654) on chromosome 8q13; JBTS22 (615665), caused by mutation in the PDE6D gene (602676) on chromosome 2q37; JBTS23 (616490), caused by mutation in the KIAA0586 gene (610178) on chromosome 14q23; JBTS24 (616654), caused by mutation in the TCTN2 gene (613846) on chromosome 12q24; JBTS25 (616781), caused by mutation in the CEP104 gene (616690) on chromosome 1p36; JBTS26 (616784), caused by mutation in the KATNIP gene (616650) on chromosome 16p12; JBTS27 (617120), caused by mutation in the B9D1 gene (614144) on chromosome 17p11; JBTS28 (617121), caused by mutation in the MKS1 gene (609883) on chromosome 17q23; JBTS29 (see 617562), caused by mutation in the TMEM107 gene (616183) on chromosome 17p13; JBTS30 (617622), caused by mutation in the ARMC9 gene (617612) on chromosome 2q37; JBTS31 (617761), caused by mutation in the CEP120 gene (613446) on chromosome 5q23; JBTS32 (617757), caused by mutation in the SUFU gene (607035) on chromosome 10q24; JBTS33 (617767), caused by mutation in the PIBF1 gene (607532) on chromosome 13q21; JBTS34 (see 614175), caused by mutation in the B9D2 gene (611951) on chromosome 19q13; JBTS35 (618161), caused by mutation in the ARL3 gene (604695) on chromosome 10q24; JBTS36 (618763), caused by mutation in the FAM149B1 gene (618413) on chromosome 10q22; JBTS37 (619185), caused by mutation in the TOGARAM1 gene (617618) on chromosome 14q21; JBTS38 (619476), caused by mutation in the KIAA0753 gene (617112) on chromosome 17p13; JBTS39 (619562), caused by mutation in the TMEM218 gene (619285) on chromosome 11q24; and JBTS40 (619582), caused by mutation in the IFT74 gene (608040) on chromosome 9p21.  http://www.omim.org/entry/213300

Clinical features

From HPO
Kidney disorder
MedGen UID:
9635
Concept ID:
C0022658
Disease or Syndrome
A nonspecific term referring to disease or damage of the kidneys.
Renal cyst
MedGen UID:
854361
Concept ID:
C3887499
Disease or Syndrome
A fluid filled sac in the kidney.
Postaxial hand polydactyly
MedGen UID:
609221
Concept ID:
C0431904
Congenital Abnormality
Supernumerary digits located at the ulnar side of the hand (that is, on the side with the fifth finger).
Postaxial foot polydactyly
MedGen UID:
384489
Concept ID:
C2112129
Finding
Polydactyly of the foot most commonly refers to the presence of six toes on one foot. Postaxial polydactyly affects the lateral ray and the duplication may range from a well-formed articulated digit to a rudimentary digit.
Clinodactyly
MedGen UID:
1644094
Concept ID:
C4551485
Congenital Abnormality
An angulation of a digit at an interphalangeal joint in the plane of the palm (finger) or sole (toe).
Hepatic fibrosis
MedGen UID:
116093
Concept ID:
C0239946
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of excessive fibrous connective tissue in the liver. Fibrosis is a reparative or reactive process.
Low-set ears
MedGen UID:
65980
Concept ID:
C0239234
Congenital Abnormality
Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.
Aggressive behavior
MedGen UID:
1375
Concept ID:
C0001807
Individual Behavior
Behavior or an act aimed at harming a person, animal, or physical property (e.g., acts of physical violence; shouting, swearing, and using harsh language; slashing someone's tires).
Cerebellar ataxia
MedGen UID:
849
Concept ID:
C0007758
Disease or Syndrome
Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly).
Self-mutilation
MedGen UID:
19925
Concept ID:
C0036601
Injury or Poisoning
Deliberate harm to one's body resulting in tissue damage, without a conscious intent to die.
Delayed ability to walk
MedGen UID:
66034
Concept ID:
C0241726
Finding
A failure to achieve the ability to walk at an appropriate developmental stage. Most children learn to walk in a series of stages, and learn to walk short distances independently between 12 and 15 months.
Hemifacial spasm
MedGen UID:
75813
Concept ID:
C0278152
Disease or Syndrome
Intermittent clonic or tonic contraction of muscles supplied by facial nerve. Muscles are relaxed in between contractions.
Hyperactivity
MedGen UID:
98406
Concept ID:
C0424295
Finding
Hyperactivity is a condition characterized by constant and unusually high levels of activity, even in situations where it is deemed inappropriate.
Delayed speech and language development
MedGen UID:
105318
Concept ID:
C0454644
Finding
A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Cerebellar vermis hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
333548
Concept ID:
C1840379
Finding
Underdevelopment of the vermis of cerebellum.
Hypoplasia of the brainstem
MedGen UID:
334226
Concept ID:
C1842688
Finding
Underdevelopment of the brainstem.
Brainstem dysplasia
MedGen UID:
383739
Concept ID:
C1855677
Congenital Abnormality
A developmental structural anomaly of the stalk-like part of the brain that comprises the midbrain (aka mesencephalon), the pons (aka pons Varolii), and the medulla oblongata, and connects the cerebral hemispheres with the cervical spinal cord.
Molar tooth sign on MRI
MedGen UID:
400670
Concept ID:
C1865060
Finding
An abnormal appearance of the midbrain in axial magnetic resonance imaging in which the elongated superior cerebellar peduncles give the midbrain an appearance reminiscent of a molar or wisdom tooth.
Oculomotor apraxia
MedGen UID:
483686
Concept ID:
C3489733
Disease or Syndrome
Ocular motor apraxia is a deficiency in voluntary, horizontal, lateral, fast eye movements (saccades) with retention of slow pursuit movements. The inability to follow objects visually is often compensated by head movements. There may be decreased smooth pursuit, and cancelation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Elongated superior cerebellar peduncle
MedGen UID:
816544
Concept ID:
C3810214
Finding
Increased length of the superior cerebellar peduncle.
Enlarged fossa interpeduncularis
MedGen UID:
866576
Concept ID:
C4020922
Finding
Occipital myelomeningocele
MedGen UID:
870466
Concept ID:
C4024912
Disease or Syndrome
Dysgenesis of the cerebellar vermis
MedGen UID:
871238
Concept ID:
C4025719
Anatomical Abnormality
Defective development of the vermis of cerebellum.
Delayed ability to sit
MedGen UID:
1368737
Concept ID:
C4476710
Finding
A failure to achieve the ability to sit at an appropriate developmental stage. Most children sit with support at 6 months of age and sit steadily without support at 9 months of age.
Agenesis of cerebellar vermis
MedGen UID:
1768774
Concept ID:
C5437781
Congenital Abnormality
Congenital absence of the vermis of cerebellum.
Hypotonia
MedGen UID:
10133
Concept ID:
C0026827
Finding
Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.
Plagiocephaly
MedGen UID:
78562
Concept ID:
C0265529
Congenital Abnormality
Asymmetric head shape, which is usually a combination of unilateral occipital flattening with ipsilateral frontal prominence, leading to rhomboid cranial shape.
Poor head control
MedGen UID:
322809
Concept ID:
C1836038
Finding
Difficulty to maintain correct position of the head while standing or sitting. Infant head lag is observed when the head seems to flop around or lags posteriorly behind the trunk. Several articles have maintained that head lag should be absent by age 3 to 4 months.
Generalized hypotonia
MedGen UID:
346841
Concept ID:
C1858120
Finding
Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone).
Macrocephaly
MedGen UID:
745757
Concept ID:
C2243051
Finding
Occipitofrontal (head) circumference greater than 97th centile compared to appropriate, age matched, sex-matched normal standards. Alternatively, a apparently increased size of the cranium.
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
Concept ID:
C4551563
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
Neonatal breathing dysregulation
MedGen UID:
812546
Concept ID:
C3806216
Finding
Episodic tachypnea
MedGen UID:
812548
Concept ID:
C3806218
Finding
Episodes of very rapid breathing.
Central apnea
MedGen UID:
854403
Concept ID:
C3887548
Disease or Syndrome
Apnea resulting from depression of the respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata. There is a lack of respiratory effort rather than obstruction of airflow.
Macroglossia
MedGen UID:
44236
Concept ID:
C0024421
Disease or Syndrome
Increased length and width of the tongue.
Protruding tongue
MedGen UID:
66831
Concept ID:
C0241442
Finding
Tongue extending beyond the alveolar ridges or teeth at rest.
Epicanthus
MedGen UID:
151862
Concept ID:
C0678230
Congenital Abnormality
Epicanthus is a condition in which a fold of skin stretches from the upper to the lower eyelid, partially covering the inner canthus. Usher (1935) noted that epicanthus is a normal finding in the fetus of all races. Epicanthus also occurs in association with hereditary ptosis (110100).
Prominent forehead
MedGen UID:
373291
Concept ID:
C1837260
Finding
Forward prominence of the entire forehead, due to protrusion of the frontal bone.
Anteverted nares
MedGen UID:
326648
Concept ID:
C1840077
Finding
Anteriorly-facing nostrils viewed with the head in the Frankfurt horizontal and the eyes of the observer level with the eyes of the subject. This gives the appearance of an upturned nose (upturned nasal tip).
Triangular-shaped open mouth
MedGen UID:
395221
Concept ID:
C1859292
Finding
A facial appearance characterized by a permanently or nearly permanently opened mouth, in which the upper lip is tented in a way that the opened mouth has the appearance of a triangle.
Highly arched eyebrow
MedGen UID:
358357
Concept ID:
C1868571
Finding
Increased height of the central portion of the eyebrow, forming a crescent, semicircular, or inverted U shape.
Ptosis
MedGen UID:
2287
Concept ID:
C0005745
Disease or Syndrome
The upper eyelid margin is positioned 3 mm or more lower than usual and covers the superior portion of the iris (objective); or, the upper lid margin obscures at least part of the pupil (subjective).
Retinal dysplasia
MedGen UID:
48433
Concept ID:
C0035313
Congenital Abnormality
The presence of developmental dysplasia of the retina.
Strabismus
MedGen UID:
21337
Concept ID:
C0038379
Disease or Syndrome
A misalignment of the eyes so that the visual axes deviate from bifoveal fixation. The classification of strabismus may be based on a number of features including the relative position of the eyes, whether the deviation is latent or manifest, intermittent or constant, concomitant or otherwise and according to the age of onset and the relevance of any associated refractive error.
Coloboma of optic nerve
MedGen UID:
57832
Concept ID:
C0155299
Disease or Syndrome
A cleft of the optic nerve that extends inferiorly.
Abnormal saccadic eye movements
MedGen UID:
66709
Concept ID:
C0234649
Anatomical Abnormality
An abnormality of eye movement characterized by impairment of fast (saccadic) eye movements.
Chorioretinal coloboma
MedGen UID:
66820
Concept ID:
C0240896
Congenital Abnormality
Absence of a region of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroid.
Optic disc pallor
MedGen UID:
108218
Concept ID:
C0554970
Finding
A pale yellow discoloration of the optic disc (the area of the optic nerve head in the retina). The optic disc normally has a pinkish hue with a central yellowish depression.
Retinal dystrophy
MedGen UID:
208903
Concept ID:
C0854723
Finding
Retinal dystrophy is an abnormality of the retina associated with a hereditary process. Retinal dystrophies are defined by their predominantly monogenic inheritance and they are frequently associated with loss or dysfunction of photoreceptor cells as a primary or secondary event.
Abnormality of ocular smooth pursuit
MedGen UID:
322909
Concept ID:
C1836393
Finding
An abnormality of eye movement characterized by impaired smooth-pursuit eye movements.
Impaired smooth pursuit
MedGen UID:
325176
Concept ID:
C1837458
Finding
An impairment of the ability to track objects with the ocular smooth pursuit system, a class of rather slow eye movements that minimizes retinal target motion.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Spahiu L, Behluli E, Grajçevci-Uka V, Liehr T, Temaj G
J Mother Child 2022 Mar 1;26(1):118-123. Epub 2023 Feb 22 doi: 10.34763/jmotherandchild.20222601.d-22-00034. PMID: 36803942Free PMC Article
Gana S, Serpieri V, Valente EM
Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2022 Mar;190(1):72-88. Epub 2022 Mar 3 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31963. PMID: 35238134Free PMC Article
Krajden Haratz K, Oliveira Szejnfeld P, Govindaswamy M, Leibovitz Z, Gindes L, Severino M, Rossi A, Paladini D, Garcia Rodriguez R, Ben-Sira L, Borkowski Tillman T, Gupta R, Lotem G, Raz N, Hamamoto TENK, Kidron D, Arad A, Birnbaum R, Brussilov M, Pomar L, Vial Y, Leventer RJ, McGillivray G, Fink M, Krzeszowski W, Fernandes Moron A, Lev D, Tamarkin M, Shalev J, Har Toov J, Lerman-Sagie T, Malinger G
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2021 Dec;58(6):864-874. doi: 10.1002/uog.23660. PMID: 33942916

Recent clinical studies

Prognosis

Fleming LR, Doherty DA, Parisi MA, Glass IA, Bryant J, Fischer R, Turkbey B, Choyke P, Daryanani K, Vemulapalli M, Mullikin JC, Malicdan MC, Vilboux T, Sayer JA, Gahl WA, Gunay-Aygun M
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017 Dec 7;12(12):1962-1973. Epub 2017 Nov 16 doi: 10.2215/CJN.05660517. PMID: 29146704Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Fleming LR, Doherty DA, Parisi MA, Glass IA, Bryant J, Fischer R, Turkbey B, Choyke P, Daryanani K, Vemulapalli M, Mullikin JC, Malicdan MC, Vilboux T, Sayer JA, Gahl WA, Gunay-Aygun M
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017 Dec 7;12(12):1962-1973. Epub 2017 Nov 16 doi: 10.2215/CJN.05660517. PMID: 29146704Free PMC Article
Keeler LC, Marsh SE, Leeflang EP, Woods CG, Sztriha L, Al-Gazali L, Gururaj A, Gleeson JG
Am J Hum Genet 2003 Sep;73(3):656-62. Epub 2003 Aug 13 doi: 10.1086/378206. PMID: 12917796Free PMC Article

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