U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Heterophoria

MedGen UID:
1671050
•Concept ID:
C4721400
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: Heterophorias
 
HPO: HP:0032011

Definition

Heterophorias are latent deviations that are controlled by fusion. In certain circumstances (specific visual tasks, fatigue, illness, etc.), fusion can no longer be maintained and decompensation occurs. [from HPO]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Creating consistency in the diagnosis of convergence insufficiency: screening methods.
Lavrich JB, Hamburger JL, Lee KE, Thuma TBT, Omega ML, Zhang QE, Gunton KB
J AAPOS 2023 Dec;27(6):346.e1-346.e6. Epub 2023 Nov 4 doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2023.08.019. PMID: 37931838
Accommodative spasm and its different treatment approaches: A systematic review.
Manna P, Karmakar S, Bhardwaj GK, Mondal A
Eur J Ophthalmol 2023 May;33(3):1273-1286. Epub 2022 Nov 16 doi: 10.1177/11206721221136438. PMID: 36384286
Management of digital eye strain.
Coles-Brennan C, Sulley A, Young G
Clin Exp Optom 2019 Jan;102(1):18-29. Epub 2018 May 23 doi: 10.1111/cxo.12798. PMID: 29797453

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Convergence insufficiency: Review of clinical diagnostic signs.
Gantz L, Stiebel-Kalish H
J Optom 2022 Oct-Dec;15(4):256-270. Epub 2021 Dec 25 doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2021.11.002. PMID: 34963569Free PMC Article
Comparing proximal convergence ratio in myopes.
Vivekanand U, Lobo SG, Dharmappa N, Kesireddy A
Rom J Ophthalmol 2021 Oct-Dec;65(4):362-364. doi: 10.22336/rjo.2021.71. PMID: 35087977Free PMC Article
Visual and Ocular Characteristics of eSports Participants.
Fogt JS, Onate J, Emerson A, Kraemer W, Fogt N
Optom Vis Sci 2021 Jul 1;98(7):771-776. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001725. PMID: 34328456
Management of digital eye strain.
Coles-Brennan C, Sulley A, Young G
Clin Exp Optom 2019 Jan;102(1):18-29. Epub 2018 May 23 doi: 10.1111/cxo.12798. PMID: 29797453
Acute-onset diplopia.
O'Colmain U, Gilmour C, MacEwen CJ
Acta Ophthalmol 2014 Jun;92(4):382-6. Epub 2013 Feb 7 doi: 10.1111/aos.12062. PMID: 23387838

Diagnosis

Accommodative spasm and its different treatment approaches: A systematic review.
Manna P, Karmakar S, Bhardwaj GK, Mondal A
Eur J Ophthalmol 2023 May;33(3):1273-1286. Epub 2022 Nov 16 doi: 10.1177/11206721221136438. PMID: 36384286
Convergence insufficiency: Review of clinical diagnostic signs.
Gantz L, Stiebel-Kalish H
J Optom 2022 Oct-Dec;15(4):256-270. Epub 2021 Dec 25 doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2021.11.002. PMID: 34963569Free PMC Article
Computer vision syndrome - symptoms and prevention.
Dostálová N, Vrubel M, Kachlík P
Cas Lek Cesk 2021 Spring;160(2-3):88-92. PMID: 34134500
Neuro-ophthalmologic exploration in non-functioning pituitary adenoma.
Abouaf L, Vighetto A, Lebas M
Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2015 Jul;76(3):210-9. Epub 2015 Jun 10 doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.04.006. PMID: 26070465
Acute-onset diplopia.
O'Colmain U, Gilmour C, MacEwen CJ
Acta Ophthalmol 2014 Jun;92(4):382-6. Epub 2013 Feb 7 doi: 10.1111/aos.12062. PMID: 23387838

Therapy

Accommodative spasm and its different treatment approaches: A systematic review.
Manna P, Karmakar S, Bhardwaj GK, Mondal A
Eur J Ophthalmol 2023 May;33(3):1273-1286. Epub 2022 Nov 16 doi: 10.1177/11206721221136438. PMID: 36384286
Visual Performance and Binocular/Accommodative Function of S.T.O.P. Contact Lenses Compared With MiSight.
Tilia D, Diec J, Ehrmann K, Falk D, Fedtke C, Conrad F, Wu R, Bakaraju RC
Eye Contact Lens 2023 Feb 1;49(2):63-70. Epub 2022 Oct 19 doi: 10.1097/ICL.0000000000000950. PMID: 36282205Free PMC Article
Binocular vision disorders in a geriatric population.
Hashemi H, Nabovati P, Yekta AA, Agha Mirsalim M, Rafati S, Ostadimoghaddam H, Khabazkhoob M
Clin Exp Optom 2022 Jul;105(5):539-545. Epub 2021 May 20 doi: 10.1080/08164622.2021.1922065. PMID: 34016028
Vision therapy: Occlusion, prisms, filters, and vestibular exercises for mild traumatic brain injury.
Barton JJS, Ranalli PJ
Surv Ophthalmol 2021 Mar-Apr;66(2):346-353. Epub 2020 Aug 19 doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.08.001. PMID: 32827496
Use of botulinum toxin in small-angle heterotropia and decompensating heterophoria: a review of the literature.
Ripley L, Rowe FJ
Strabismus 2007 Jul-Sep;15(3):165-71. doi: 10.1080/09273970701506094. PMID: 17763254

Prognosis

Ophthalmological data on 4.5- to 7-year-old Danish children.
Sandfeld L, Weihrauch H, Tubaek G, Mortzos P
Acta Ophthalmol 2018 Jun;96(4):379-383. Epub 2018 Jan 25 doi: 10.1111/aos.13650. PMID: 29369530
Objective Measurement of Fusional Vergence Ranges and Heterophoria in Infants and Preschool Children.
Sreenivasan V, Babinsky EE, Wu Y, Candy TR
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016 May 1;57(6):2678-88. doi: 10.1167/iovs.15-17877. PMID: 27183054Free PMC Article
Neuro-ophthalmologic exploration in non-functioning pituitary adenoma.
Abouaf L, Vighetto A, Lebas M
Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2015 Jul;76(3):210-9. Epub 2015 Jun 10 doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.04.006. PMID: 26070465
Near heterophoria in early childhood.
Babinsky E, Sreenivasan V, Candy TR
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015 Jan 29;56(2):1406-15. doi: 10.1167/iovs.14-14649. PMID: 25634983Free PMC Article
Alternate day exotropia.
Dawson E, Adams G, Mengher L, Lee J
Strabismus 2009 Oct-Dec;17(4):171-4. doi: 10.3109/09273970903353246. PMID: 20001513

Clinical prediction guides

Abnormal basic visual processing functions in binocular fusion disorders.
Benhaim-Sitbon L, Lev M, Polat U
Sci Rep 2023 Nov 7;13(1):19301. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-46291-w. PMID: 37935803Free PMC Article
Comparing proximal convergence ratio in myopes.
Vivekanand U, Lobo SG, Dharmappa N, Kesireddy A
Rom J Ophthalmol 2021 Oct-Dec;65(4):362-364. doi: 10.22336/rjo.2021.71. PMID: 35087977Free PMC Article
Computer vision syndrome - symptoms and prevention.
Dostálová N, Vrubel M, Kachlík P
Cas Lek Cesk 2021 Spring;160(2-3):88-92. PMID: 34134500
Correlations between clinical measures and symptoms: Report 2: Accommodative and vergence measures with symptoms.
Wajuihian SO
J Optom 2021 Apr-Jun;14(2):142-155. Epub 2020 Sep 1 doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2020.06.008. PMID: 32883648Free PMC Article
Correlations between clinical measures and symptoms: Report 1: Stereoacuity with accommodative, vergence measures, and symptoms.
Wajuihian SO
J Optom 2020 Jul-Sep;13(3):171-184. Epub 2020 May 29 doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2020.02.002. PMID: 32475793Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Accommodative spasm and its different treatment approaches: A systematic review.
Manna P, Karmakar S, Bhardwaj GK, Mondal A
Eur J Ophthalmol 2023 May;33(3):1273-1286. Epub 2022 Nov 16 doi: 10.1177/11206721221136438. PMID: 36384286

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Consumer resources

    Reviews

    Related information

    • MeSH
      Related Medical Subject Headings
    • PMC Articles
      Related information in PubMed Central Links
    • PubMed
      Related literature resources in PubMed

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...