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Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 8(AGS8)

MedGen UID:
1790409
•Concept ID:
C5551352
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: AGS8; AICARDI-GOUTIERES SYNDROME 8
 
Gene (location): LSM11 (5q33.3)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0030361
OMIM®: 619486

Definition

Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome-8 (AGS8) is a type I interferonopathy characterized by severe developmental delay and progressive neurologic deterioration ending in premature death. Brain imaging shows diffusely abnormal white matter, severe cerebral atrophy, and intracranial calcification (Uggenti et al., 2020). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, see AGS1 (225750). [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Hypoplastic male external genitalia
MedGen UID:
338952
•Concept ID:
C1852534
•
Finding
Underdevelopment of part or all of the male external reproductive organs (which include the penis, the scrotum and the urethra).
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
•Concept ID:
C0036572
•
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterised by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
CSF pleocytosis
MedGen UID:
56247
•Concept ID:
C0151857
•
Disease or Syndrome
An increased white blood cell count in the cerebrospinal fluid.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Cerebral atrophy
MedGen UID:
116012
•Concept ID:
C0235946
•
Disease or Syndrome
Atrophy (wasting, decrease in size of cells or tissue) affecting the cerebrum.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Abnormal cerebral white matter morphology
MedGen UID:
181756
•Concept ID:
C0948163
•
Pathologic Function
An abnormality of the cerebral white matter.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Basal ganglia calcification
MedGen UID:
234651
•Concept ID:
C1389280
•
Pathologic Function
The presence of calcium deposition affecting one or more structures of the basal ganglia.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Severe global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
332436
•Concept ID:
C1837397
•
Finding
A severe delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Irritability
MedGen UID:
397841
•Concept ID:
C2700617
•
Mental Process
A proneness to anger, i.e., a condition of being easily bothered or annoyed.
See: Search on this feature
Nystagmus
MedGen UID:
45166
•Concept ID:
C0028738
•
Disease or Syndrome
Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
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Professional guidelines

PubMed

Evaluation of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Newborn Screening in North Carolina.
Lee S, Clinard K, Young SP, Rehder CW, Fan Z, Calikoglu AS, Bali DS, Bailey DB Jr, Gehtland LM, Millington DS, Patel HS, Beckloff SE, Zimmerman SJ, Powell CM, Taylor JL
JAMA Netw Open 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1920356. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20356. PMID: 32003821Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Computational Insights into the Structural Dynamics of MDA5 Variants Associated with Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome and Singleton-Merten Syndrome.
Gosu V, Sasidharan S, Saudagar P, Lee HK, Shin D
Biomolecules 2021 Aug 21;11(8) doi: 10.3390/biom11081251. PMID: 34439917Free PMC Article
Late-Onset Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome: A Characterization of Presenting Clinical Features.
Piccoli C, Bronner N, Gavazzi F, Dubbs H, De Simone M, De Giorgis V, Orcesi S, Fazzi E, Galli J, Masnada S, Tonduti D, Varesio C, Vanderver A, Vossough A, Adang L
Pediatr Neurol 2021 Feb;115:1-6. Epub 2020 Nov 2 doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.10.012. PMID: 33307271Free PMC Article
Evaluation of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Newborn Screening in North Carolina.
Lee S, Clinard K, Young SP, Rehder CW, Fan Z, Calikoglu AS, Bali DS, Bailey DB Jr, Gehtland LM, Millington DS, Patel HS, Beckloff SE, Zimmerman SJ, Powell CM, Taylor JL
JAMA Netw Open 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1920356. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20356. PMID: 32003821Free PMC Article
Elevation of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome.
Takanohashi A, Prust M, Wang J, Gordish-Dressman H, Bloom M, Rice GI, Schmidt JL, Crow YJ, Lebon P, Kuijpers TW, Nagaraju K, Vanderver A
Neurology 2013 Mar 12;80(11):997-1002. Epub 2013 Feb 13 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182872694. PMID: 23408864Free PMC Article
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome with emphasis on sonographic features in infancy.
Rossler L, Ludwig-Seibold C, Thiels Ch, Schaper J
Pediatr Radiol 2012 Aug;42(8):932-40. Epub 2012 May 26 doi: 10.1007/s00247-012-2384-4. PMID: 22639057

Diagnosis

Distinct interferon signatures and cytokine patterns define additional systemic autoinflammatory diseases.
de Jesus AA, Hou Y, Brooks S, Malle L, Biancotto A, Huang Y, Calvo KR, Marrero B, Moir S, Oler AJ, Deng Z, Montealegre Sanchez GA, Ahmed A, Allenspach E, Arabshahi B, Behrens E, Benseler S, Bezrodnik L, Bout-Tabaku S, Brescia AC, Brown D, Burnham JM, Caldirola MS, Carrasco R, Chan AY, Cimaz R, Dancey P, Dare J, DeGuzman M, Dimitriades V, Ferguson I, Ferguson P, Finn L, Gattorno M, Grom AA, Hanson EP, Hashkes PJ, Hedrich CM, Herzog R, Horneff G, Jerath R, Kessler E, Kim H, Kingsbury DJ, Laxer RM, Lee PY, Lee-Kirsch MA, Lewandowski L, Li S, Lilleby V, Mammadova V, Moorthy LN, Nasrullayeva G, O'Neil KM, Onel K, Ozen S, Pan N, Pillet P, Piotto DG, Punaro MG, Reiff A, Reinhardt A, Rider LG, Rivas-Chacon R, Ronis T, Rösen-Wolff A, Roth J, Ruth NM, Rygg M, Schmeling H, Schulert G, Scott C, Seminario G, Shulman A, Sivaraman V, Son MB, Stepanovskiy Y, Stringer E, Taber S, Terreri MT, Tifft C, Torgerson T, Tosi L, Van Royen-Kerkhof A, Wampler Muskardin T, Canna SW, Goldbach-Mansky R
J Clin Invest 2020 Apr 1;130(4):1669-1682. doi: 10.1172/JCI129301. PMID: 31874111Free PMC Article
Phenotypic and Molecular Spectrum of Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome: A Study of 24 Patients.
Al Mutairi F, Alfadhel M, Nashabat M, El-Hattab AW, Ben-Omran T, Hertecant J, Eyaid W, Ali R, Alasmari A, Kara M, Al-Twaijri W, Filimban R, Alshenqiti A, Al-Owain M, Faqeih E, Alkuraya FS
Pediatr Neurol 2018 Jan;78:35-40. Epub 2017 Oct 5 doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2017.09.002. PMID: 29239743
Characterization of human disease phenotypes associated with mutations in TREX1, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, SAMHD1, ADAR, and IFIH1.
Crow YJ, Chase DS, Lowenstein Schmidt J, Szynkiewicz M, Forte GM, Gornall HL, Oojageer A, Anderson B, Pizzino A, Helman G, Abdel-Hamid MS, Abdel-Salam GM, Ackroyd S, Aeby A, Agosta G, Albin C, Allon-Shalev S, Arellano M, Ariaudo G, Aswani V, Babul-Hirji R, Baildam EM, Bahi-Buisson N, Bailey KM, Barnerias C, Barth M, Battini R, Beresford MW, Bernard G, Bianchi M, Billette de Villemeur T, Blair EM, Bloom M, Burlina AB, Carpanelli ML, Carvalho DR, Castro-Gago M, Cavallini A, Cereda C, Chandler KE, Chitayat DA, Collins AE, Sierra Corcoles C, Cordeiro NJ, Crichiutti G, Dabydeen L, Dale RC, D'Arrigo S, De Goede CG, De Laet C, De Waele LM, Denzler I, Desguerre I, Devriendt K, Di Rocco M, Fahey MC, Fazzi E, Ferrie CD, Figueiredo A, Gener B, Goizet C, Gowrinathan NR, Gowrishankar K, Hanrahan D, Isidor B, Kara B, Khan N, King MD, Kirk EP, Kumar R, Lagae L, Landrieu P, Lauffer H, Laugel V, La Piana R, Lim MJ, Lin JP, Linnankivi T, Mackay MT, Marom DR, Marques Lourenço C, McKee SA, Moroni I, Morton JE, Moutard ML, Murray K, Nabbout R, Nampoothiri S, Nunez-Enamorado N, Oades PJ, Olivieri I, Ostergaard JR, Pérez-Dueñas B, Prendiville JS, Ramesh V, Rasmussen M, Régal L, Ricci F, Rio M, Rodriguez D, Roubertie A, Salvatici E, Segers KA, Sinha GP, Soler D, Spiegel R, Stödberg TI, Straussberg R, Swoboda KJ, Suri M, Tacke U, Tan TY, te Water Naude J, Wee Teik K, Thomas MM, Till M, Tonduti D, Valente EM, Van Coster RN, van der Knaap MS, Vassallo G, Vijzelaar R, Vogt J, Wallace GB, Wassmer E, Webb HJ, Whitehouse WP, Whitney RN, Zaki MS, Zuberi SM, Livingston JH, Rozenberg F, Lebon P, Vanderver A, Orcesi S, Rice GI
Am J Med Genet A 2015 Feb;167A(2):296-312. Epub 2015 Jan 16 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36887. PMID: 25604658Free PMC Article
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS).
Stephenson JB
Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2008 Sep;12(5):355-8. Epub 2008 Mar 14 doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2007.11.010. PMID: 18343173
Clinical and molecular phenotype of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome.
Rice G, Patrick T, Parmar R, Taylor CF, Aeby A, Aicardi J, Artuch R, Montalto SA, Bacino CA, Barroso B, Baxter P, Benko WS, Bergmann C, Bertini E, Biancheri R, Blair EM, Blau N, Bonthron DT, Briggs T, Brueton LA, Brunner HG, Burke CJ, Carr IM, Carvalho DR, Chandler KE, Christen HJ, Corry PC, Cowan FM, Cox H, D'Arrigo S, Dean J, De Laet C, De Praeter C, Dery C, Ferrie CD, Flintoff K, Frints SG, Garcia-Cazorla A, Gener B, Goizet C, Goutieres F, Green AJ, Guet A, Hamel BC, Hayward BE, Heiberg A, Hennekam RC, Husson M, Jackson AP, Jayatunga R, Jiang YH, Kant SG, Kao A, King MD, Kingston HM, Klepper J, van der Knaap MS, Kornberg AJ, Kotzot D, Kratzer W, Lacombe D, Lagae L, Landrieu PG, Lanzi G, Leitch A, Lim MJ, Livingston JH, Lourenco CM, Lyall EG, Lynch SA, Lyons MJ, Marom D, McClure JP, McWilliam R, Melancon SB, Mewasingh LD, Moutard ML, Nischal KK, Ostergaard JR, Prendiville J, Rasmussen M, Rogers RC, Roland D, Rosser EM, Rostasy K, Roubertie A, Sanchis A, Schiffmann R, Scholl-Burgi S, Seal S, Shalev SA, Corcoles CS, Sinha GP, Soler D, Spiegel R, Stephenson JB, Tacke U, Tan TY, Till M, Tolmie JL, Tomlin P, Vagnarelli F, Valente EM, Van Coster RN, Van der Aa N, Vanderver A, Vles JS, Voit T, Wassmer E, Weschke B, Whiteford ML, Willemsen MA, Zankl A, Zuberi SM, Orcesi S, Fazzi E, Lebon P, Crow YJ
Am J Hum Genet 2007 Oct;81(4):713-25. Epub 2007 Sep 4 doi: 10.1086/521373. PMID: 17846997Free PMC Article

Therapy

Distinct interferon signatures and cytokine patterns define additional systemic autoinflammatory diseases.
de Jesus AA, Hou Y, Brooks S, Malle L, Biancotto A, Huang Y, Calvo KR, Marrero B, Moir S, Oler AJ, Deng Z, Montealegre Sanchez GA, Ahmed A, Allenspach E, Arabshahi B, Behrens E, Benseler S, Bezrodnik L, Bout-Tabaku S, Brescia AC, Brown D, Burnham JM, Caldirola MS, Carrasco R, Chan AY, Cimaz R, Dancey P, Dare J, DeGuzman M, Dimitriades V, Ferguson I, Ferguson P, Finn L, Gattorno M, Grom AA, Hanson EP, Hashkes PJ, Hedrich CM, Herzog R, Horneff G, Jerath R, Kessler E, Kim H, Kingsbury DJ, Laxer RM, Lee PY, Lee-Kirsch MA, Lewandowski L, Li S, Lilleby V, Mammadova V, Moorthy LN, Nasrullayeva G, O'Neil KM, Onel K, Ozen S, Pan N, Pillet P, Piotto DG, Punaro MG, Reiff A, Reinhardt A, Rider LG, Rivas-Chacon R, Ronis T, Rösen-Wolff A, Roth J, Ruth NM, Rygg M, Schmeling H, Schulert G, Scott C, Seminario G, Shulman A, Sivaraman V, Son MB, Stepanovskiy Y, Stringer E, Taber S, Terreri MT, Tifft C, Torgerson T, Tosi L, Van Royen-Kerkhof A, Wampler Muskardin T, Canna SW, Goldbach-Mansky R
J Clin Invest 2020 Apr 1;130(4):1669-1682. doi: 10.1172/JCI129301. PMID: 31874111Free PMC Article
Brain microglia activation induced by intracranial administration of oligonucleotides and its pharmacological modulation.
La Maestra S, Frosina G, Micale RT, D'Oria C, Garibaldi S, Daga A, Pulliero A, Izzotti A
Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018 Oct;8(5):1345-1354. doi: 10.1007/s13346-018-0535-3. PMID: 29869293
Genetic analysis of leukocyte type-I interferon production and risk of coronary artery disease.
Nelson CP, Schunkert H, Samani NJ, Erridge C
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015 Jun;35(6):1456-62. Epub 2015 Apr 16 doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.304925. PMID: 25882064
SAMHD1 is mutated recurrently in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and is involved in response to DNA damage.
Clifford R, Louis T, Robbe P, Ackroyd S, Burns A, Timbs AT, Wright Colopy G, Dreau H, Sigaux F, Judde JG, Rotger M, Telenti A, Lin YL, Pasero P, Maelfait J, Titsias M, Cohen DR, Henderson SJ, Ross MT, Bentley D, Hillmen P, Pettitt A, Rehwinkel J, Knight SJ, Taylor JC, Crow YJ, Benkirane M, Schuh A
Blood 2014 Feb 13;123(7):1021-31. Epub 2013 Dec 12 doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-04-490847. PMID: 24335234Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Evaluation of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy Newborn Screening in North Carolina.
Lee S, Clinard K, Young SP, Rehder CW, Fan Z, Calikoglu AS, Bali DS, Bailey DB Jr, Gehtland LM, Millington DS, Patel HS, Beckloff SE, Zimmerman SJ, Powell CM, Taylor JL
JAMA Netw Open 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1920356. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20356. PMID: 32003821Free PMC Article
Typing TREX1 gene in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Fredi M, Bianchi M, Andreoli L, Greco G, Olivieri I, Orcesi S, Fazzi E, Cereda C, Tincani A
Reumatismo 2015 Jun 30;67(1):1-7. doi: 10.4081/reumatismo.2015.782. PMID: 26150267
Magnetic resonance imaging of anterior temporal lobe cysts in children: discriminating special imaging features in a particular group of diseases.
Nunes RH, Pacheco FT, da Rocha AJ
Neuroradiology 2014 Jul;56(7):569-77. Epub 2014 Apr 23 doi: 10.1007/s00234-014-1356-9. PMID: 24756164
Elevation of proinflammatory cytokines in patients with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome.
Takanohashi A, Prust M, Wang J, Gordish-Dressman H, Bloom M, Rice GI, Schmidt JL, Crow YJ, Lebon P, Kuijpers TW, Nagaraju K, Vanderver A
Neurology 2013 Mar 12;80(11):997-1002. Epub 2013 Feb 13 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182872694. PMID: 23408864Free PMC Article
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS).
Stephenson JB
Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2008 Sep;12(5):355-8. Epub 2008 Mar 14 doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2007.11.010. PMID: 18343173

Clinical prediction guides

Exploration of Gross Motor Function in Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome.
Gavazzi F, Glanzman AM, Woidill S, Formanowski B, Dixit A, Isaacs D, Kornafel T, Ballance E, Pierce SR, Modesti N, Barcelos I, Cusack SV, Jan AK, Flores Z, Sherbini O, Vincent A, D'Aiello R, Lorch SA, DeMauro SB, Jawad A, Vanderver A, Adang L
J Child Neurol 2023 Aug;38(8-9):518-527. Epub 2023 Jul 27 doi: 10.1177/08830738231188753. PMID: 37499181
Distinct interferon signatures and cytokine patterns define additional systemic autoinflammatory diseases.
de Jesus AA, Hou Y, Brooks S, Malle L, Biancotto A, Huang Y, Calvo KR, Marrero B, Moir S, Oler AJ, Deng Z, Montealegre Sanchez GA, Ahmed A, Allenspach E, Arabshahi B, Behrens E, Benseler S, Bezrodnik L, Bout-Tabaku S, Brescia AC, Brown D, Burnham JM, Caldirola MS, Carrasco R, Chan AY, Cimaz R, Dancey P, Dare J, DeGuzman M, Dimitriades V, Ferguson I, Ferguson P, Finn L, Gattorno M, Grom AA, Hanson EP, Hashkes PJ, Hedrich CM, Herzog R, Horneff G, Jerath R, Kessler E, Kim H, Kingsbury DJ, Laxer RM, Lee PY, Lee-Kirsch MA, Lewandowski L, Li S, Lilleby V, Mammadova V, Moorthy LN, Nasrullayeva G, O'Neil KM, Onel K, Ozen S, Pan N, Pillet P, Piotto DG, Punaro MG, Reiff A, Reinhardt A, Rider LG, Rivas-Chacon R, Ronis T, Rösen-Wolff A, Roth J, Ruth NM, Rygg M, Schmeling H, Schulert G, Scott C, Seminario G, Shulman A, Sivaraman V, Son MB, Stepanovskiy Y, Stringer E, Taber S, Terreri MT, Tifft C, Torgerson T, Tosi L, Van Royen-Kerkhof A, Wampler Muskardin T, Canna SW, Goldbach-Mansky R
J Clin Invest 2020 Apr 1;130(4):1669-1682. doi: 10.1172/JCI129301. PMID: 31874111Free PMC Article
Characterization of human disease phenotypes associated with mutations in TREX1, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, SAMHD1, ADAR, and IFIH1.
Crow YJ, Chase DS, Lowenstein Schmidt J, Szynkiewicz M, Forte GM, Gornall HL, Oojageer A, Anderson B, Pizzino A, Helman G, Abdel-Hamid MS, Abdel-Salam GM, Ackroyd S, Aeby A, Agosta G, Albin C, Allon-Shalev S, Arellano M, Ariaudo G, Aswani V, Babul-Hirji R, Baildam EM, Bahi-Buisson N, Bailey KM, Barnerias C, Barth M, Battini R, Beresford MW, Bernard G, Bianchi M, Billette de Villemeur T, Blair EM, Bloom M, Burlina AB, Carpanelli ML, Carvalho DR, Castro-Gago M, Cavallini A, Cereda C, Chandler KE, Chitayat DA, Collins AE, Sierra Corcoles C, Cordeiro NJ, Crichiutti G, Dabydeen L, Dale RC, D'Arrigo S, De Goede CG, De Laet C, De Waele LM, Denzler I, Desguerre I, Devriendt K, Di Rocco M, Fahey MC, Fazzi E, Ferrie CD, Figueiredo A, Gener B, Goizet C, Gowrinathan NR, Gowrishankar K, Hanrahan D, Isidor B, Kara B, Khan N, King MD, Kirk EP, Kumar R, Lagae L, Landrieu P, Lauffer H, Laugel V, La Piana R, Lim MJ, Lin JP, Linnankivi T, Mackay MT, Marom DR, Marques Lourenço C, McKee SA, Moroni I, Morton JE, Moutard ML, Murray K, Nabbout R, Nampoothiri S, Nunez-Enamorado N, Oades PJ, Olivieri I, Ostergaard JR, Pérez-Dueñas B, Prendiville JS, Ramesh V, Rasmussen M, Régal L, Ricci F, Rio M, Rodriguez D, Roubertie A, Salvatici E, Segers KA, Sinha GP, Soler D, Spiegel R, Stödberg TI, Straussberg R, Swoboda KJ, Suri M, Tacke U, Tan TY, te Water Naude J, Wee Teik K, Thomas MM, Till M, Tonduti D, Valente EM, Van Coster RN, van der Knaap MS, Vassallo G, Vijzelaar R, Vogt J, Wallace GB, Wassmer E, Webb HJ, Whitehouse WP, Whitney RN, Zaki MS, Zuberi SM, Livingston JH, Rozenberg F, Lebon P, Vanderver A, Orcesi S, Rice GI
Am J Med Genet A 2015 Feb;167A(2):296-312. Epub 2015 Jan 16 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36887. PMID: 25604658Free PMC Article
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS).
Stephenson JB
Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2008 Sep;12(5):355-8. Epub 2008 Mar 14 doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2007.11.010. PMID: 18343173
Clinical and molecular phenotype of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome.
Rice G, Patrick T, Parmar R, Taylor CF, Aeby A, Aicardi J, Artuch R, Montalto SA, Bacino CA, Barroso B, Baxter P, Benko WS, Bergmann C, Bertini E, Biancheri R, Blair EM, Blau N, Bonthron DT, Briggs T, Brueton LA, Brunner HG, Burke CJ, Carr IM, Carvalho DR, Chandler KE, Christen HJ, Corry PC, Cowan FM, Cox H, D'Arrigo S, Dean J, De Laet C, De Praeter C, Dery C, Ferrie CD, Flintoff K, Frints SG, Garcia-Cazorla A, Gener B, Goizet C, Goutieres F, Green AJ, Guet A, Hamel BC, Hayward BE, Heiberg A, Hennekam RC, Husson M, Jackson AP, Jayatunga R, Jiang YH, Kant SG, Kao A, King MD, Kingston HM, Klepper J, van der Knaap MS, Kornberg AJ, Kotzot D, Kratzer W, Lacombe D, Lagae L, Landrieu PG, Lanzi G, Leitch A, Lim MJ, Livingston JH, Lourenco CM, Lyall EG, Lynch SA, Lyons MJ, Marom D, McClure JP, McWilliam R, Melancon SB, Mewasingh LD, Moutard ML, Nischal KK, Ostergaard JR, Prendiville J, Rasmussen M, Rogers RC, Roland D, Rosser EM, Rostasy K, Roubertie A, Sanchis A, Schiffmann R, Scholl-Burgi S, Seal S, Shalev SA, Corcoles CS, Sinha GP, Soler D, Spiegel R, Stephenson JB, Tacke U, Tan TY, Till M, Tolmie JL, Tomlin P, Vagnarelli F, Valente EM, Van Coster RN, Van der Aa N, Vanderver A, Vles JS, Voit T, Wassmer E, Weschke B, Whiteford ML, Willemsen MA, Zankl A, Zuberi SM, Orcesi S, Fazzi E, Lebon P, Crow YJ
Am J Hum Genet 2007 Oct;81(4):713-25. Epub 2007 Sep 4 doi: 10.1086/521373. PMID: 17846997Free PMC Article

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