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Hammer Toe Syndrome

MedGen UID:
209711
•Concept ID:
C1136178
•
Anatomical Abnormality
Synonym: Hammertoe Syndrome

Definition

A condition characterized by a series of interrelated digital symptoms and joint changes of the lesser digits and METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINTS of the FOOT. The syndrome can include some or all of the following conditions: hammer toe, claw toe, mallet toe, overlapping fifth toe, curly toe, EXOSTOSIS; HYPEROSTOSIS; interdigital heloma, or contracted toe. [from MeSH]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVHammer Toe Syndrome

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Effects of Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle Anatomical Structure on the Response to Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Patients with Post-Stroke Claw Foot Deformity.
Takekawa T, Kobayashi K, Yamada N, Takagi S, Hara T, Kitajima T, Sato T, Sugihara H, Kinoshita K, Abo M
Toxins (Basel) 2022 Sep 25;14(10) doi: 10.3390/toxins14100666. PMID: 36287935Free PMC Article
Hammer toe syndrome. American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.
J Foot Ankle Surg 1999 Mar-Apr;38(2):166-78. PMID: 10334708

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Hammertoe correction with wire fixation of varying length.
Mayolo PC, Tran A, Kress K, Jaffe DE
Foot Ankle Surg 2022 Dec;28(8):1345-1349. Epub 2022 Jun 23 doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2022.06.010. PMID: 35810126
Effectiveness of the Cobb-Stainsby excision arthroplasty.
Matthews AH, Jagodzinski NA, Westwood M, Metcalfe JE, Trimble KT
Foot Ankle Surg 2018 Feb;24(1):49-53. Epub 2016 Nov 25 doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2016.11.007. PMID: 29413774
Digital arthrodesis.
Zelen CM, Young NJ
Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2013 Jul;30(3):271-82. doi: 10.1016/j.cpm.2013.04.006. PMID: 23827486
Forefoot tendon transfers.
Myers SH, Schon LC
Foot Ankle Clin 2011 Sep;16(3):471-88. Epub 2011 Aug 12 doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2011.06.006. PMID: 21925362
Surgical off-loading of the diabetic foot.
Frykberg RG, Bevilacqua NJ, Habershaw G
J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2010 Sep-Oct;100(5):369-84. doi: 10.7547/1000369. PMID: 20847351

Diagnosis

Neuropathic Deformities of the Lesser Toes.
Wagner E, Wagner P
Foot Ankle Clin 2024 Dec;29(4):617-628. Epub 2024 Mar 11 doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2024.02.001. PMID: 39448175
Hallux claw toe.
Abousayed M, Kwon JY
Foot Ankle Clin 2014 Mar;19(1):59-63. Epub 2013 Dec 19 doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2013.11.001. PMID: 24548509
What's new in foot and ankle surgery.
Marx RC, Mizel MS
J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013 May 15;95(10):951-7. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.M.00048. PMID: 23677365
Hammertoes/Clawtoes: metatarsophalangeal joint correction.
Chadwick C, Saxby TS
Foot Ankle Clin 2011 Dec;16(4):559-71. Epub 2011 Oct 5 doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2011.08.006. PMID: 22118229
Lesser toe abnormalities.
Coughlin MJ
Instr Course Lect 2003;52:421-44. PMID: 12690869

Therapy

Treatment of Rigid Hammer-Toe Deformity: Permanent Versus Removable Implant Selection.
Doty JF, Fogleman JA
Foot Ankle Clin 2018 Mar;23(1):91-101. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2017.09.007. PMID: 29362037
Peroneal nerve injury: anesthesia is not always to blame.
Curt Nuño F, López Álvarez S, Juncal Díaz J, Domínguez Chaos A, Llorca González F, Pensado Castiñeiras A
Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2015 Feb;62(2):104-7. Epub 2014 Jul 19 doi: 10.1016/j.redar.2014.04.005. PMID: 25048997
Lesser metatarsal surgery.
Barouk P, Bohay DR, Trnka HJ, Weil LS Sr, Weil L Jr
Foot Ankle Spec 2010 Dec;3(6):356-60. doi: 10.1177/1938640010383249. PMID: 21148469
Current concepts review: orthopaedic aspects of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
Guyton GP
Foot Ankle Int 2006 Nov;27(11):1003-10. doi: 10.1177/107110070602701125. PMID: 17144969
Sexy shoes or sorry feet.
Lutter LD
Foot Ankle Int 2004 Jan;25(1):1-2. doi: 10.1177/107110070402500101. PMID: 14768956

Prognosis

Risk Factors for Failure in Hammertoe Surgery.
Albright RH, Hassan M, Randich J, O'Keefe R, Klein EE, Weil L Jr, Weil L Sr, Fleischer AE
Foot Ankle Int 2020 May;41(5):562-571. Epub 2020 Feb 6 doi: 10.1177/1071100720904931. PMID: 32026702
Digital arthrodesis.
Zelen CM, Young NJ
Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2013 Jul;30(3):271-82. doi: 10.1016/j.cpm.2013.04.006. PMID: 23827486
Forefoot tendon transfers.
Myers SH, Schon LC
Foot Ankle Clin 2011 Sep;16(3):471-88. Epub 2011 Aug 12 doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2011.06.006. PMID: 21925362
Surgical off-loading of the diabetic foot.
Frykberg RG, Bevilacqua NJ, Habershaw G
J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2010 Sep-Oct;100(5):369-84. doi: 10.7547/1000369. PMID: 20847351
Current concepts review: orthopaedic aspects of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.
Guyton GP
Foot Ankle Int 2006 Nov;27(11):1003-10. doi: 10.1177/107110070602701125. PMID: 17144969

Clinical prediction guides

Risk Factors for Failure in Hammertoe Surgery.
Albright RH, Hassan M, Randich J, O'Keefe R, Klein EE, Weil L Jr, Weil L Sr, Fleischer AE
Foot Ankle Int 2020 May;41(5):562-571. Epub 2020 Feb 6 doi: 10.1177/1071100720904931. PMID: 32026702
Effectiveness of the Cobb-Stainsby excision arthroplasty.
Matthews AH, Jagodzinski NA, Westwood M, Metcalfe JE, Trimble KT
Foot Ankle Surg 2018 Feb;24(1):49-53. Epub 2016 Nov 25 doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2016.11.007. PMID: 29413774
Digital arthrodesis.
Zelen CM, Young NJ
Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2013 Jul;30(3):271-82. doi: 10.1016/j.cpm.2013.04.006. PMID: 23827486
Hammer toe correction using an absorbable pin.
Konkel KF, Sover ER, Menger AG, Halberg JM
Foot Ankle Int 2011 Oct;32(10):973-8. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2011.0973. PMID: 22224327
Surgical off-loading of the diabetic foot.
Frykberg RG, Bevilacqua NJ, Habershaw G
J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2010 Sep-Oct;100(5):369-84. doi: 10.7547/1000369. PMID: 20847351

Recent systematic reviews

A systematic review of the claw toe deformity: What is known and what is needed apart from surgical procedures.
de Jesús Mayagoitia-Vázquez J, López-López D, Miguel-Andrés I, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo R, Losa-Iglesias M, Gómez-Salgado J, Ortiz-Lango LÁ
Int Wound J 2024 Oct;21(10):e70073. doi: 10.1111/iwj.70073. PMID: 39379064Free PMC Article
Donor-site morbidity of free fibula flap in pediatric patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Du W, Zhou W, Zhou L, Wang Y, Yan C, Al-Aroomi MA, Pang P, Sun C
J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2023 Aug;83:207-214. Epub 2023 Apr 24 doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2023.04.048. PMID: 37276738
Ideal implant choice for proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis in hammer toe/claw toe deformity correction: A systematic review.
Wei RX, Ling SK, Lui TH, Yung PS
J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2020 Jan-Apr;28(1):2309499020911168. doi: 10.1177/2309499020911168. PMID: 32223520

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