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Giant cell arteritis(GCA)

MedGen UID:
21478
•Concept ID:
C0039483
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Arteritides, Giant Cell; Arteritis, Giant Cell; Arteritis, Giant Cell, Horton; Arteritis, Giant Cell, Horton's; Giant Cell Arteritides; Giant Cell Arteritis; Giant Cell Arteritis, Horton; Horton Disease; Horton Giant Cell Arteritis; Horton's Disease; Horton's Giant Cell Arteritis; Hortons Disease
SNOMED CT: Horton's disease (400130008); Giant cell arteritis (400130008)
 
OMIM®: 187360

Definition

A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed) [from MeSH]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVGiant cell arteritis

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Treatment Guidelines in Vasculitis.
Kermani TA, Warrington KJ, Dua AB
Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2022 Aug;48(3):705-724. Epub 2022 Jul 5 doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2022.03.006. PMID: 35953232
2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Giant Cell Arteritis and Takayasu Arteritis.
Maz M, Chung SA, Abril A, Langford CA, Gorelik M, Guyatt G, Archer AM, Conn DL, Full KA, Grayson PC, Ibarra MF, Imundo LF, Kim S, Merkel PA, Rhee RL, Seo P, Stone JH, Sule S, Sundel RP, Vitobaldi OI, Warner A, Byram K, Dua AB, Husainat N, James KE, Kalot MA, Lin YC, Springer JM, Turgunbaev M, Villa-Forte A, Turner AS, Mustafa RA
Arthritis Rheumatol 2021 Aug;73(8):1349-1365. Epub 2021 Jul 8 doi: 10.1002/art.41774. PMID: 34235884
Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA): Pathogenesis, Clinical Aspects and Treatment Approaches.
Ciofalo A, Gulotta G, Iannella G, Pasquariello B, Manno A, Angeletti D, Pace A, Greco A, Altissimi G, de Vincentiis M, Magliulo G
Curr Rheumatol Rev 2019;15(4):259-268. doi: 10.2174/1573397115666190227194014. PMID: 30827250

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Vasculitis: When to Consider this Diagnosis?
Mishra K, Ramcharitar RK, Sharma AM
Med Clin North Am 2023 Sep;107(5):845-859. Epub 2023 Jun 17 doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2023.05.005. PMID: 37541712
Temporal artery biopsy.
Golenbiewski J, Burden S, Wolfe RM
Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2023 Mar;37(1):101833. Epub 2023 May 30 doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2023.101833. PMID: 37263808
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management of Polymyalgia Rheumatica.
Camellino D, Giusti A, Girasole G, Bianchi G, Dejaco C
Drugs Aging 2019 Nov;36(11):1015-1026. doi: 10.1007/s40266-019-00705-5. PMID: 31493201
Giant Cell Arteritis.
Hoffman GS
Ann Intern Med 2016 Nov 1;165(9):ITC65-ITC80. doi: 10.7326/AITC201611010. PMID: 27802475
Giant cell arteritis.
Ninan J, Lester S, Hill C
Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2016 Feb;30(1):169-88. Epub 2016 Jun 20 doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2016.05.001. PMID: 27421223

Diagnosis

Giant cell arteritis.
Pepper K
Postgrad Med 2023 Jan;135(sup1):22-32. Epub 2023 Apr 6 doi: 10.1080/00325481.2023.2190288. PMID: 37021621
Giant-Cell Arteritis.
Rebello A, Joshi P
N Engl J Med 2022 Oct 13;387(15):e36. Epub 2022 Oct 8 doi: 10.1056/NEJMicm2202567. PMID: 36214594
The diagnosis and management of temporal arteritis.
Ling ML, Yosar J, Lee BW, Shah SA, Jiang IW, Finniss A, Allende A, Francis IC
Clin Exp Optom 2020 Sep;103(5):572-582. Epub 2019 Oct 29 doi: 10.1111/cxo.12975. PMID: 31663193
Giant Cell Arteritis.
Younger DS
Neurol Clin 2019 May;37(2):335-344. Epub 2019 Mar 16 doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2019.01.008. PMID: 30952412
Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA): Pathogenesis, Clinical Aspects and Treatment Approaches.
Ciofalo A, Gulotta G, Iannella G, Pasquariello B, Manno A, Angeletti D, Pace A, Greco A, Altissimi G, de Vincentiis M, Magliulo G
Curr Rheumatol Rev 2019;15(4):259-268. doi: 10.2174/1573397115666190227194014. PMID: 30827250

Therapy

Polymyalgia rheumatica.
Espígol-Frigolé G, Dejaco C, Mackie SL, Salvarani C, Matteson EL, Cid MC
Lancet 2023 Oct 21;402(10411):1459-1472. Epub 2023 Oct 10 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01310-7. PMID: 37832573
Giant cell arteritis.
Pepper K
Postgrad Med 2023 Jan;135(sup1):22-32. Epub 2023 Apr 6 doi: 10.1080/00325481.2023.2190288. PMID: 37021621
2018 Update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis.
Hellmich B, Agueda A, Monti S, Buttgereit F, de Boysson H, Brouwer E, Cassie R, Cid MC, Dasgupta B, Dejaco C, Hatemi G, Hollinger N, Mahr A, Mollan SP, Mukhtyar C, Ponte C, Salvarani C, Sivakumar R, Tian X, Tomasson G, Turesson C, Schmidt W, Villiger PM, Watts R, Young C, Luqmani RA
Ann Rheum Dis 2020 Jan;79(1):19-30. Epub 2019 Jul 3 doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215672. PMID: 31270110
Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA): Pathogenesis, Clinical Aspects and Treatment Approaches.
Ciofalo A, Gulotta G, Iannella G, Pasquariello B, Manno A, Angeletti D, Pace A, Greco A, Altissimi G, de Vincentiis M, Magliulo G
Curr Rheumatol Rev 2019;15(4):259-268. doi: 10.2174/1573397115666190227194014. PMID: 30827250
Trial of Tocilizumab in Giant-Cell Arteritis.
Stone JH, Tuckwell K, Dimonaco S, Klearman M, Aringer M, Blockmans D, Brouwer E, Cid MC, Dasgupta B, Rech J, Salvarani C, Schett G, Schulze-Koops H, Spiera R, Unizony SH, Collinson N
N Engl J Med 2017 Jul 27;377(4):317-328. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1613849. PMID: 28745999

Prognosis

Polymyalgia Rheumatica.
Colombo MG, Wetzel AJ, Haumann H, Dally S, Kirtschig G, Joos S
Dtsch Arztebl Int 2022 Jun 17;119(24):411-417. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0218. PMID: 35635433Free PMC Article
Polymyalgia rheumatica.
Rosenberg H, Halman S, Yadav K
CMAJ 2021 Nov 22;193(46):E1770. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.210541. PMID: 34810164Free PMC Article
Aortitis: an update.
Erdogan M
Curr Opin Rheumatol 2021 Jan;33(1):34-40. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000762. PMID: 33186247
Giant-cell arteritis-related mortality in France: A multiple-cause-of-death analysis.
Chazal T, Lhote R, Rey G, Haroche J, Eb M, Amoura Z, Cohen Aubart F
Autoimmun Rev 2018 Dec;17(12):1219-1224. Epub 2018 Oct 11 doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.06.012. PMID: 30316993
Epidemiology of giant-cell arteritis.
Hunder GG
Cleve Clin J Med 2002;69 Suppl 2:SII79-82. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.69.suppl_2.sii79. PMID: 12086271

Clinical prediction guides

The provisional OMERACT ultrasonography score for giant cell arteritis.
Dejaco C, Ponte C, Monti S, Rozza D, Scirè CA, Terslev L, Bruyn GAW, Boumans D, Hartung W, Hočevar A, Milchert M, Døhn UM, Mukhtyar CB, Aschwanden M, Bosch P, Camellino D, Chrysidis S, Ciancio G, D'Agostino MA, Daikeler T, Dasgupta B, De Miguel E, Diamantopoulos AP, Duftner C, Agueda A, Fredberg U, Hanova P, Hansen IT, Hauge EM, Iagnocco A, Inanc N, Juche A, Karalilova R, Kawamoto T, Keller KK, Keen HI, Kermani TA, Kohler MJ, Koster M, Luqmani RA, Macchioni P, Mackie SL, Naredo E, Nielsen BD, Ogasawara M, Pineda C, Schäfer VS, Seitz L, Tomelleri A, Torralba KD, van der Geest KSM, Warrington KJ, Schmidt WA
Ann Rheum Dis 2023 Apr;82(4):556-564. Epub 2022 Dec 12 doi: 10.1136/ard-2022-223367. PMID: 36600183
2022 American College of Rheumatology/EULAR classification criteria for giant cell arteritis.
Ponte C, Grayson PC, Robson JC, Suppiah R, Gribbons KB, Judge A, Craven A, Khalid S, Hutchings A, Watts RA, Merkel PA, Luqmani RA; DCVAS Study Group
Ann Rheum Dis 2022 Dec;81(12):1647-1653. Epub 2022 Nov 9 doi: 10.1136/ard-2022-223480. PMID: 36351706
An update on polymyalgia rheumatica.
Lundberg IE, Sharma A, Turesson C, Mohammad AJ
J Intern Med 2022 Nov;292(5):717-732. Epub 2022 Jun 11 doi: 10.1111/joim.13525. PMID: 35612524Free PMC Article
Giant Cell Arteritis.
Younger DS
Neurol Clin 2019 May;37(2):335-344. Epub 2019 Mar 16 doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2019.01.008. PMID: 30952412
The Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as an Inflammatory Marker in Rheumatic Diseases.
Gasparyan AY, Ayvazyan L, Mukanova U, Yessirkepov M, Kitas GD
Ann Lab Med 2019 Jul;39(4):345-357. doi: 10.3343/alm.2019.39.4.345. PMID: 30809980Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Treat-to-target recommendations in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.
Dejaco C, Kerschbaumer A, Aletaha D, Bond M, Hysa E, Camellino D, Ehlers L, Abril A, Appenzeller S, Cid MC, Dasgupta B, Duftner C, Grayson PC, Hellmich B, Hočevar A, Kermani TA, Matteson EL, Mollan SP, Neill L, Ponte C, Salvarani C, Sattui SE, Schmidt WA, Seo P, Smolen JS, Thiel J, Toro-Gutiérrez CE, Whitlock M, Buttgereit F
Ann Rheum Dis 2024 Jan 2;83(1):48-57. doi: 10.1136/ard-2022-223429. PMID: 36828585Free PMC Article
2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Giant Cell Arteritis and Takayasu Arteritis.
Maz M, Chung SA, Abril A, Langford CA, Gorelik M, Guyatt G, Archer AM, Conn DL, Full KA, Grayson PC, Ibarra MF, Imundo LF, Kim S, Merkel PA, Rhee RL, Seo P, Stone JH, Sule S, Sundel RP, Vitobaldi OI, Warner A, Byram K, Dua AB, Husainat N, James KE, Kalot MA, Lin YC, Springer JM, Turgunbaev M, Villa-Forte A, Turner AS, Mustafa RA
Arthritis Rheumatol 2021 Aug;73(8):1349-1365. Epub 2021 Jul 8 doi: 10.1002/art.41774. PMID: 34235884
Vasculitis therapy refines vasculitis mechanistic classification.
Torp CK, Brüner M, Keller KK, Brouwer E, Hauge EM, McGonagle D, Kragstrup TW
Autoimmun Rev 2021 Jun;20(6):102829. Epub 2021 Apr 16 doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102829. PMID: 33872767
EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice.
Dejaco C, Ramiro S, Duftner C, Besson FL, Bley TA, Blockmans D, Brouwer E, Cimmino MA, Clark E, Dasgupta B, Diamantopoulos AP, Direskeneli H, Iagnocco A, Klink T, Neill L, Ponte C, Salvarani C, Slart RHJA, Whitlock M, Schmidt WA
Ann Rheum Dis 2018 May;77(5):636-643. Epub 2018 Jan 22 doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212649. PMID: 29358285
Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis: A Systematic Review.
Buttgereit F, Dejaco C, Matteson EL, Dasgupta B
JAMA 2016 Jun 14;315(22):2442-58. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.5444. PMID: 27299619

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