U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Mitral annular calcification

MedGen UID:
331909
Concept ID:
C1835130
Finding
Synonym: Premature calcification of mitral annulus
 
HPO: HP:0005136

Definition

Mitral annular calcification (MAC) results from progressive calcium deposition along and beneath the mitral valve annulus. [from HPO]

Term Hierarchy

Conditions with this feature

Marfan syndrome
MedGen UID:
44287
Concept ID:
C0024796
Disease or Syndrome
FBN1-related Marfan syndrome (Marfan syndrome), a systemic disorder of connective tissue with a high degree of clinical variability, comprises a broad phenotypic continuum ranging from mild (features of Marfan syndrome in one or a few systems) to severe and rapidly progressive neonatal multiorgan disease. Cardinal manifestations involve the ocular, skeletal, and cardiovascular systems. Ocular findings include myopia (>50% of affected individuals); ectopia lentis (seen in approximately 60% of affected individuals); and an increased risk for retinal detachment, glaucoma, and early cataracts. Skeletal system manifestations include bone overgrowth and joint laxity; disproportionately long extremities for the size of the trunk (dolichostenomelia); overgrowth of the ribs that can push the sternum in (pectus excavatum) or out (pectus carinatum); and scoliosis that ranges from mild to severe and progressive. The major morbidity and early mortality in Marfan syndrome relate to the cardiovascular system and include dilatation of the aorta at the level of the sinuses of Valsalva (predisposing to aortic tear and rupture), mitral valve prolapse with or without regurgitation, tricuspid valve prolapse, and enlargement of the proximal pulmonary artery. Severe and prolonged regurgitation of the mitral and/or aortic valve can predispose to left ventricular dysfunction and occasionally heart failure. With proper management, the life expectancy of someone with Marfan syndrome approximates that of the general population.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Edelman JJ, Badhwar V, Larbalestier R, Yadav P, Thourani VH
Ann Thorac Surg 2021 Feb;111(2):390-397. Epub 2020 Aug 14 doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.04.148. PMID: 32798455
El-Eshmawi A, Alexis SL, Sengupta A, Pandis D, Rimsukcharoenchai C, Adams DH, Tang GHL
Curr Opin Cardiol 2020 Mar;35(2):107-115. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000718. PMID: 31895243
Al-Taweel A, Almahmoud MF, Khairandish Y, Ahmad M
Echocardiography 2019 Oct;36(10):1901-1909. Epub 2019 Oct 6 doi: 10.1111/echo.14495. PMID: 31587368

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Qamar F, Attar RH, Nabi F
Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2022;18(1):7-9. Epub 2022 Apr 1 doi: 10.14797/mdcvj.1096. PMID: 35432730Free PMC Article
Enta Y, Nakamura M
J Cardiol 2021 Jun;77(6):555-564. Epub 2020 Nov 25 doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2020.10.020. PMID: 33248865
Massera D, Kizer JR, Dweck MR
Trends Cardiovasc Med 2020 Jul;30(5):289-295. Epub 2019 Aug 5 doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2019.07.011. PMID: 31402089
Chen HY, Engert JC, Thanassoulis G
Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2019 Apr;26(2):96-102. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000471. PMID: 30694830Free PMC Article
Abramowitz Y, Jilaihawi H, Chakravarty T, Mack MJ, Makkar RR
J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 Oct 27;66(17):1934-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.872. PMID: 26493666

Diagnosis

Cavalcanti LRP, Sá MPBO, Perazzo ÁM, Escorel Neto AC, Gomes RAF, Weymann A, Zhigalov K, Ruhparwar A, Lima RC
Curr Atheroscler Rep 2020 Feb 7;22(2):9. doi: 10.1007/s11883-020-0825-3. PMID: 32034516
Al-Taweel A, Almahmoud MF, Khairandish Y, Ahmad M
Echocardiography 2019 Oct;36(10):1901-1909. Epub 2019 Oct 6 doi: 10.1111/echo.14495. PMID: 31587368
Massera D, Trivieri MG, Andrews JPM, Sartori S, Abgral R, Chapman AR, Jenkins WSA, Vesey AT, Doris MK, Pawade TA, Zheng KH, Kizer JR, Newby DE, Dweck MR
Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2019 Feb;12(2):e008513. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.118.008513. PMID: 30712363Free PMC Article
Eleid MF, Foley TA, Said SM, Pislaru SV, Rihal CS
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2016 Nov;9(11):1318-1337. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.09.001. PMID: 27832900
Abramowitz Y, Jilaihawi H, Chakravarty T, Mack MJ, Makkar RR
J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 Oct 27;66(17):1934-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.872. PMID: 26493666

Therapy

Qamar F, Attar RH, Nabi F
Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2022;18(1):7-9. Epub 2022 Apr 1 doi: 10.14797/mdcvj.1096. PMID: 35432730Free PMC Article
Wang TKM, Griffin BP, Xu B, Rodriguez LL, Popovic ZB, Gillinov MA, Pettersson GB, Desai MY
Echocardiography 2020 Nov;37(11):1723-1731. Epub 2020 Sep 19 doi: 10.1111/echo.14861. PMID: 32949217
Pizano A, Hirji SA, Nguyen TC
Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020 Winter;32(4):630-634. Epub 2020 May 25 doi: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2020.05.021. PMID: 32464177
Cavalcanti LRP, Sá MPBO, Perazzo ÁM, Escorel Neto AC, Gomes RAF, Weymann A, Zhigalov K, Ruhparwar A, Lima RC
Curr Atheroscler Rep 2020 Feb 7;22(2):9. doi: 10.1007/s11883-020-0825-3. PMID: 32034516
Eleid MF, Foley TA, Said SM, Pislaru SV, Rihal CS
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2016 Nov;9(11):1318-1337. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.09.001. PMID: 27832900

Prognosis

Willner N, Burwash IG, Beauchesne L, Chan V, Vulesevic B, Ascah K, Coutinho T, Promislow S, Stadnick E, Chan KL, Mesana T, Messika-Zeitoun D
J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2022 Sep;35(9):925-932. Epub 2022 May 23 doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2022.05.007. PMID: 35618253
Patlolla SH, Schaff HV, Nishimura RA, Geske JB, Lahr BD, Lee AT, Eleid MF, Ommen SR, Dearani JA
Ann Thorac Surg 2022 Nov;114(5):1679-1687. Epub 2021 Nov 22 doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.09.077. PMID: 34822847
Massera D, Kizer JR, Dweck MR
Trends Cardiovasc Med 2020 Jul;30(5):289-295. Epub 2019 Aug 5 doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2019.07.011. PMID: 31402089
Massera D, Trivieri MG, Andrews JPM, Sartori S, Abgral R, Chapman AR, Jenkins WSA, Vesey AT, Doris MK, Pawade TA, Zheng KH, Kizer JR, Newby DE, Dweck MR
Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2019 Feb;12(2):e008513. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.118.008513. PMID: 30712363Free PMC Article
Eleid MF, Foley TA, Said SM, Pislaru SV, Rihal CS
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2016 Nov;9(11):1318-1337. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.09.001. PMID: 27832900

Clinical prediction guides

Patlolla SH, Schaff HV, Nishimura RA, Geske JB, Lahr BD, Lee AT, Eleid MF, Ommen SR, Dearani JA
Ann Thorac Surg 2022 Nov;114(5):1679-1687. Epub 2021 Nov 22 doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.09.077. PMID: 34822847
Cheng R
Curr Cardiol Rep 2021 Aug 24;23(10):148. doi: 10.1007/s11886-021-01567-3. PMID: 34427785
Massera D, Trivieri MG, Andrews JPM, Sartori S, Abgral R, Chapman AR, Jenkins WSA, Vesey AT, Doris MK, Pawade TA, Zheng KH, Kizer JR, Newby DE, Dweck MR
Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2019 Feb;12(2):e008513. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.118.008513. PMID: 30712363Free PMC Article
Lyle MA, Snipelisky DF, Aggarwal NR, Miller FA, Anavekar NS
Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017 May;33(5):615-621. Epub 2016 Dec 22 doi: 10.1007/s10554-016-1043-5. PMID: 28004210
Eleid MF, Foley TA, Said SM, Pislaru SV, Rihal CS
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2016 Nov;9(11):1318-1337. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.09.001. PMID: 27832900

Recent systematic reviews

Kumar A, Samra G, Kaur S, Ogunnowo G, Kocyigit D, Xu B
Curr Probl Cardiol 2023 Mar;48(3):101558. Epub 2022 Dec 18 doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2022.101558. PMID: 36538998
Alexis SL, Malik AH, El-Eshmawi A, George I, Sengupta A, Kodali SK, Hahn RT, Khalique OK, Zaid S, Guerrero M, Bapat VN, Leon MB, Adams DH, Tang GHL
J Am Heart Assoc 2021 Apr 6;10(7):e018514. Epub 2021 Mar 17 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.018514. PMID: 33728929Free PMC Article
Ben-Ali W, Ibrahim R, Rodès-Cabeau J, von Bardeleben RS, Mylotte D, Granada J, Modine T
Curr Cardiol Rep 2021 Mar 9;23(4):37. doi: 10.1007/s11886-021-01466-7. PMID: 33687594
Ribeiro RVP, Yanagawa B, Légaré JF, Hassan A, Ouzounian M, Verma S, Friedrich JO
J Card Surg 2020 Jan;35(1):66-74. Epub 2019 Nov 6 doi: 10.1111/jocs.14325. PMID: 31692124
Puri R, Abdul-Jawad Altisent O, del Trigo M, Campelo-Parada F, Regueiro A, Barbosa Ribeiro H, DeLarochellière R, Paradis JM, Dumont E, Rodés-Cabau J
Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2016 Feb 15;87(3):540-8. Epub 2015 Nov 18 doi: 10.1002/ccd.26262. PMID: 26577250

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Consumer resources

    Recent activity

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...