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Encephalitis

MedGen UID:
4027
•Concept ID:
C0014038
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Brain Inflammation; Brain Inflammations; Inflammation, Brain
SNOMED CT: Encephalitis (45170000)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0019956
Orphanet: ORPHA97275

Definition

An inflammatory process affecting the brain parenchyma. Causes include viral infections and less frequently bacterial infections, toxins, and immune-mediated processes. [from NCI]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria.
Banwell B, Bennett JL, Marignier R, Kim HJ, Brilot F, Flanagan EP, Ramanathan S, Waters P, Tenembaum S, Graves JS, Chitnis T, Brandt AU, Hemingway C, Neuteboom R, Pandit L, Reindl M, Saiz A, Sato DK, Rostasy K, Paul F, Pittock SJ, Fujihara K, Palace J
Lancet Neurol 2023 Mar;22(3):268-282. Epub 2023 Jan 24 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00431-8. PMID: 36706773
Autoimmune encephalitis: clinical spectrum and management.
Uy CE, Binks S, Irani SR
Pract Neurol 2021 Oct;21(5):412-423. Epub 2021 Jun 9 doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2020-002567. PMID: 34108243Free PMC Article
Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management.
Abboud H, Probasco JC, Irani S, Ances B, Benavides DR, Bradshaw M, Christo PP, Dale RC, Fernandez-Fournier M, Flanagan EP, Gadoth A, George P, Grebenciucova E, Jammoul A, Lee ST, Li Y, Matiello M, Morse AM, Rae-Grant A, Rojas G, Rossman I, Schmitt S, Venkatesan A, Vernino S, Pittock SJ, Titulaer MJ; Autoimmune Encephalitis Alliance Clinicians Network
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021 Jul;92(7):757-768. Epub 2021 Mar 1 doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-325300. PMID: 33649022Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Autoimmune Encephalitis in Children.
Hardy D
Pediatr Neurol 2022 Jul;132:56-66. Epub 2022 May 13 doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.05.004. PMID: 35640473
Autoimmune Meningitis and Encephalitis.
Richie MB
Neurol Clin 2022 Feb;40(1):93-112. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2021.08.007. PMID: 34798977
Encephalitis and Brain Abscess.
Venkatesan A
Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2021 Aug 1;27(4):855-886. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001006. PMID: 34623096
Autoimmune encephalitis: clinical spectrum and management.
Uy CE, Binks S, Irani SR
Pract Neurol 2021 Oct;21(5):412-423. Epub 2021 Jun 9 doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2020-002567. PMID: 34108243Free PMC Article
Autoimmune Encephalitis: Current Knowledge on Subtypes, Disease Mechanisms and Treatment.
Nissen MS, Ryding M, Meyer M, Blaabjerg M
CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2020;19(8):584-598. doi: 10.2174/1871527319666200708133103. PMID: 32640967

Diagnosis

Viral meningitis and encephalitis: an update.
Gundamraj V, Hasbun R
Curr Opin Infect Dis 2023 Jun 1;36(3):177-185. Epub 2023 Apr 12 doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000922. PMID: 37093042
Infectious Meningitis and Encephalitis.
Bystritsky RJ, Chow FC
Neurol Clin 2022 Feb;40(1):77-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2021.08.006. PMID: 34798976
Viral encephalitis: a practical review on diagnostic approach and treatment.
Costa BKD, Sato DK
J Pediatr (Rio J) 2020 Mar-Apr;96 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):12-19. Epub 2019 Sep 9 doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2019.07.006. PMID: 31513761Free PMC Article
Diagnosis and Management of Acute Encephalitis in Children.
Aneja S, Sharma S
Indian J Pediatr 2019 Jan;86(1):70-75. Epub 2018 Sep 19 doi: 10.1007/s12098-018-2775-0. PMID: 30232787
Acute encephalitis - diagnosis and management.
Ellul M, Solomon T
Clin Med (Lond) 2018 Mar;18(2):155-159. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.18-2-155. PMID: 29626021Free PMC Article

Therapy

Immunotherapy for Refractory Autoimmune Encephalitis.
Yang J, Liu X
Front Immunol 2021;12:790962. Epub 2021 Dec 16 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790962. PMID: 34975890Free PMC Article
Management of autoimmune encephalitis.
Bien CG
Curr Opin Neurol 2021 Apr 1;34(2):166-171. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000909. PMID: 33464762
Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children.
Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Marchione P, Debalini MG, Demicheli V
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 Apr 20;4(4):CD004407. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub4. PMID: 32309885Free PMC Article
Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, Rosenfeld MR, Balice-Gordon R
Lancet Neurol 2011 Jan;10(1):63-74. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70253-2. PMID: 21163445Free PMC Article
Acyclovir: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, safety and clinical applications.
Gnann JW Jr, Barton NH, Whitley RJ
Pharmacotherapy 1983 Sep-Oct;3(5):275-83. doi: 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03274.x. PMID: 6359082

Prognosis

COVID-19 Legacy.
Ladani AP, Loganathan M, Kolikonda MK, Lippmann S
South Med J 2021 Dec;114(12):751-759. doi: 10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001337. PMID: 34853850Free PMC Article
Encephalitis as a neurological complication of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, outcomes, and predictors.
Siow I, Lee KS, Zhang JJY, Saffari SE, Ng A
Eur J Neurol 2021 Oct;28(10):3491-3502. Epub 2021 Jun 2 doi: 10.1111/ene.14913. PMID: 33982853Free PMC Article
Diagnostic Approach for Arboviral Infections in the United States.
Piantadosi A, Kanjilal S
J Clin Microbiol 2020 Nov 18;58(12) doi: 10.1128/JCM.01926-19. PMID: 32938736Free PMC Article
Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.
GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators
Lancet Neurol 2019 May;18(5):459-480. Epub 2019 Mar 14 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30499-X. PMID: 30879893Free PMC Article
Anti-LGI1 encephalitis: Clinical syndrome and long-term follow-up.
van Sonderen A, Thijs RD, Coenders EC, Jiskoot LC, Sanchez E, de Bruijn MA, van Coevorden-Hameete MH, Wirtz PW, Schreurs MW, Sillevis Smitt PA, Titulaer MJ
Neurology 2016 Oct 4;87(14):1449-1456. Epub 2016 Sep 2 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003173. PMID: 27590293

Clinical prediction guides

Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis: clinical characteristics and factors associated with outcomes.
Lee WJ, Lee HS, Kim DY, Lee HS, Moon J, Park KI, Lee SK, Chu K, Lee ST
Brain 2022 Oct 21;145(10):3509-3521. doi: 10.1093/brain/awac166. PMID: 35512357
Autoimmune-Associated Seizures.
Gillinder L, Britton J
Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2022 Apr 1;28(2):363-398. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001079. PMID: 35393963
Autoimmune Epilepsy.
Husari KS, Dubey D
Neurotherapeutics 2019 Jul;16(3):685-702. doi: 10.1007/s13311-019-00750-3. PMID: 31240596Free PMC Article
Prognosticating autoimmune encephalitis: A systematic review.
Broadley J, Seneviratne U, Beech P, Buzzard K, Butzkueven H, O'Brien T, Monif M
J Autoimmun 2019 Jan;96:24-34. Epub 2018 Oct 26 doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.10.014. PMID: 30595145
Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus.
Rubin S, Eckhaus M, Rennick LJ, Bamford CG, Duprex WP
J Pathol 2015 Jan;235(2):242-52. doi: 10.1002/path.4445. PMID: 25229387Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Autoimmune encephalitis associated with COVID-19: A systematic review.
Nabizadeh F, Balabandian M, Sodeifian F, Rezaei N, Rostami MR, Naser Moghadasi A
Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022 Jun;62:103795. Epub 2022 Apr 6 doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103795. PMID: 35472834Free PMC Article
Association between autoimmune encephalitis and epilepsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Chen L, Zhu L, Lu D, Dai S, Han Y, Wu Z, Xu P, Chang L, Wu Q
Seizure 2021 Oct;91:346-359. Epub 2021 Jul 12 doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.07.005. PMID: 34284303
Encephalitis as a neurological complication of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, outcomes, and predictors.
Siow I, Lee KS, Zhang JJY, Saffari SE, Ng A
Eur J Neurol 2021 Oct;28(10):3491-3502. Epub 2021 Jun 2 doi: 10.1111/ene.14913. PMID: 33982853Free PMC Article
Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, Pollak TA, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P, Zandi MS, Lewis G, David AS
Lancet Psychiatry 2020 Jul;7(7):611-627. Epub 2020 May 18 doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0. PMID: 32437679Free PMC Article
Prognosticating autoimmune encephalitis: A systematic review.
Broadley J, Seneviratne U, Beech P, Buzzard K, Butzkueven H, O'Brien T, Monif M
J Autoimmun 2019 Jan;96:24-34. Epub 2018 Oct 26 doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.10.014. PMID: 30595145

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