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Hereditary spherocytosis type 2(HS2; SPH2)

MedGen UID:
436112
Concept ID:
C2674219
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Spherocytosis type 2; SPHEROCYTOSIS, TYPE 2, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT
 
Gene (location): SPTB (14q23.3)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0000913
OMIM®: 616649

Definition

People with the mild form may have very mild anemia or sometimes have no symptoms. People with the moderate form typically have anemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly. Many also develop gallstones. The signs and symptoms of moderate hereditary spherocytosis usually appear in childhood. Individuals with the moderate/severe form have all the features of the moderate form but also have severe anemia. Those with the severe form have life-threatening anemia that requires frequent blood transfusions to replenish their red blood cell supply. They also have severe splenomegaly, jaundice, and a high risk for developing gallstones. Some individuals with the severe form have short stature, delayed sexual development, and skeletal abnormalities.

There are four forms of hereditary spherocytosis, which are distinguished by the severity of signs and symptoms. They are known as the mild form, the moderate form, the moderate/severe form, and the severe form. It is estimated that 20 to 30 percent of people with hereditary spherocytosis have the mild form, 60 to 70 percent have the moderate form, 10 percent have the moderate/severe form, and 3 to 5 percent have the severe form.

Hereditary spherocytosis is a condition that affects red blood cells. People with this condition typically experience a shortage of red blood cells (anemia), yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice), and an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly). Most newborns with hereditary spherocytosis have severe anemia, although it improves after the first year of life. Splenomegaly can occur anytime from early childhood to adulthood. About half of affected individuals develop hard deposits in the gallbladder called gallstones, which typically occur from late childhood to mid-adulthood. [from MedlinePlus Genetics]

Clinical features

From HPO
Jaundice
MedGen UID:
43987
Concept ID:
C0022346
Sign or Symptom
Yellow pigmentation of the skin due to bilirubin, which in turn is the result of increased bilirubin concentration in the bloodstream.
Hemolytic anemia
MedGen UID:
1916
Concept ID:
C0002878
Disease or Syndrome
A type of anemia caused by premature destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis).
Reticulocytosis
MedGen UID:
60089
Concept ID:
C0206160
Finding
An elevation in the number of reticulocytes (immature erythrocytes) in the peripheral blood circulation.
Spherocytosis
MedGen UID:
154301
Concept ID:
C0553720
Finding
The presence of erythrocytes that are sphere-shaped.
Acanthocytosis
MedGen UID:
195801
Concept ID:
C0687751
Disease or Syndrome
Acanthocytosis is a type of poikilocytosis characterized by the presence of spikes on the cell surface. The cells have an irregular shape resembling many-pointed stars.
Increased red cell osmotic fragility
MedGen UID:
376594
Concept ID:
C1849478
Finding
Splenomegaly
MedGen UID:
52469
Concept ID:
C0038002
Finding
Abnormal increased size of the spleen.
Hyperbilirubinemia
MedGen UID:
86321
Concept ID:
C0311468
Finding
An increased amount of bilirubin in the blood.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

EVANS RS, DUANE R
Calif Med 1949 Apr;70(4):244-51. PMID: 18116227Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Aly NH, Elalfy MS, Elhabashy SA, Mowafy NM, Russo R, Andolfo I, Iolascon A, Ragab IA
Blood Cells Mol Dis 2023 Nov;103:102779. Epub 2023 Jul 16 doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2023.102779. PMID: 37558589
Campbell-Washburn AE, Mancini C, Conrey A, Edwards L, Shanbhag S, Wood J, Xue H, Kellman P, Bandettini WP, Thein SL
J Magn Reson Imaging 2022 Jun;55(6):1855-1863. Epub 2021 Oct 20 doi: 10.1002/jmri.27950. PMID: 34668604Free PMC Article
Garzón G LN, Jaramillo B LE, Valero H JJ, Quintero C EM
J Pediatr Surg 2021 Mar;56(3):550-552. Epub 2020 Jun 3 doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.05.039. PMID: 32624207
Das A, Bansal D, Das R, Trehan A, Marwaha RK
Indian Pediatr 2014 Feb;51(2):139-41. doi: 10.1007/s13312-014-0348-5. PMID: 24632695
Hansen K, Singer DB
Pediatr Dev Pathol 2001 Mar-Apr;4(2):105-21. doi: 10.1007/s100240010145. PMID: 11178626

Diagnosis

Aly NH, Elalfy MS, Elhabashy SA, Mowafy NM, Russo R, Andolfo I, Iolascon A, Ragab IA
Blood Cells Mol Dis 2023 Nov;103:102779. Epub 2023 Jul 16 doi: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2023.102779. PMID: 37558589
Garzón G LN, Jaramillo B LE, Valero H JJ, Quintero C EM
J Pediatr Surg 2021 Mar;56(3):550-552. Epub 2020 Jun 3 doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.05.039. PMID: 32624207
Lang E, Qadri SM, Lang F
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012 Aug;44(8):1236-43. Epub 2012 Apr 27 doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.04.019. PMID: 22561748
Lang F, Qadri SM
Blood Purif 2012;33(1-3):125-30. Epub 2012 Jan 20 doi: 10.1159/000334163. PMID: 22269222
Tse WT, Lux SE
Br J Haematol 1999 Jan;104(1):2-13. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1999.01130.x. PMID: 10027705

Therapy

Mack SJ, Pace DJ, Patil S, Cooke-Barber J, Boelig MM, Berman L
J Pediatr Surg 2024 Jan;59(1):117-123. Epub 2023 Sep 21 doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2023.09.010. PMID: 37833213
Elbadry MI, Khaled SAA, Ahmed NM, Abudeif A, Abdelkareem RM, Ezeldin M, Tawfeek A
Br J Haematol 2021 May;193(4):827-840. Epub 2021 Apr 25 doi: 10.1111/bjh.17484. PMID: 33899219
Englum BR, Rothman J, Leonard S, Reiter A, Thornburg C, Brindle M, Wright N, Heeney MM, Jason Smithers C, Brown RL, Kalfa T, Langer JC, Cada M, Oldham KT, Scott JP, St Peter SD, Sharma M, Davidoff AM, Nottage K, Bernabe K, Wilson DB, Dutta S, Glader B, Crary SE, Dassinger MS, Dunbar L, Islam S, Kumar M, Rescorla F, Bruch S, Campbell A, Austin M, Sidonio R, Blakely ML, Rice HE; Splenectomy in Congenital Hemolytic Anemia Consortium
J Pediatr Surg 2016 Jan;51(1):122-7. Epub 2015 Oct 23 doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.10.028. PMID: 26613837Free PMC Article
Vecchio R, Intagliata E, Marchese S, Battaglia S, Cacciola RR, Cacciola E
G Chir 2015 May-Jun;36(3):101-5. PMID: 26188753Free PMC Article
Hansen K, Singer DB
Pediatr Dev Pathol 2001 Mar-Apr;4(2):105-21. doi: 10.1007/s100240010145. PMID: 11178626

Prognosis

Campbell-Washburn AE, Mancini C, Conrey A, Edwards L, Shanbhag S, Wood J, Xue H, Kellman P, Bandettini WP, Thein SL
J Magn Reson Imaging 2022 Jun;55(6):1855-1863. Epub 2021 Oct 20 doi: 10.1002/jmri.27950. PMID: 34668604Free PMC Article
Garzón G LN, Jaramillo B LE, Valero H JJ, Quintero C EM
J Pediatr Surg 2021 Mar;56(3):550-552. Epub 2020 Jun 3 doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.05.039. PMID: 32624207
Lorand L, Iismaa SE
FASEB J 2019 Jan;33(1):3-12. doi: 10.1096/fj.201801544R. PMID: 30593123
Pugi J, Carcao M, Drury LJ, Langer JC
J Pediatr Surg 2018 May;53(5):973-975. Epub 2018 Feb 8 doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.02.027. PMID: 29506817
Crisp RL, Solari L, Vota D, García E, Miguez G, Chamorro ME, Schvartzman GA, Alfonso G, Gammella D, Caldarola S, Riccheri C, Vittori D, Venegas B, Nesse A, Donato H
Ann Hematol 2011 Jun;90(6):625-34. Epub 2010 Nov 16 doi: 10.1007/s00277-010-1112-0. PMID: 21080168

Clinical prediction guides

Campbell-Washburn AE, Mancini C, Conrey A, Edwards L, Shanbhag S, Wood J, Xue H, Kellman P, Bandettini WP, Thein SL
J Magn Reson Imaging 2022 Jun;55(6):1855-1863. Epub 2021 Oct 20 doi: 10.1002/jmri.27950. PMID: 34668604Free PMC Article
Lorand L, Iismaa SE
FASEB J 2019 Jan;33(1):3-12. doi: 10.1096/fj.201801544R. PMID: 30593123
Vecchio R, Intagliata E, Marchese S, Battaglia S, Cacciola RR, Cacciola E
G Chir 2015 May-Jun;36(3):101-5. PMID: 26188753Free PMC Article
Das A, Bansal D, Das R, Trehan A, Marwaha RK
Indian Pediatr 2014 Feb;51(2):139-41. doi: 10.1007/s13312-014-0348-5. PMID: 24632695
Lang E, Qadri SM, Lang F
Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012 Aug;44(8):1236-43. Epub 2012 Apr 27 doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.04.019. PMID: 22561748

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