U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Learning disorder

MedGen UID:
44084
•Concept ID:
C0023186
•
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Synonyms: Disorder, Learning; Disorders, Learning; Learning Disorder; Learning Disorders
SNOMED CT: Academic skill disorder (1855002); Learning disorder (1855002)

Definition

A group of disorders that affect a person''s ability to learn or process specific types of information which is in contrast to his/her apparent level of intellect. [from NCI]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVLearning disorder

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Learning Disorder Confers Setting-Specific Treatment Resistance for Children with ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Presentation.
Friedman LM, McBurnett K, Dvorsky MR, Hinshaw SP, Pfiffner LJ
J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2020 Nov-Dec;49(6):854-867. Epub 2019 Aug 21 doi: 10.1080/15374416.2019.1644647. PMID: 31433688Free PMC Article
Epilepsy Disorders and Treatment Modalities.
Kaeberle J
NASN Sch Nurse 2018 Nov;33(6):342-344. Epub 2018 Jul 19 doi: 10.1177/1942602X18785246. PMID: 30024820
Comorbidity prevalence and treatment outcome in children and adolescents with ADHD.
Reale L, Bartoli B, Cartabia M, Zanetti M, Costantino MA, Canevini MP, Termine C, Bonati M; Lombardy ADHD Group
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017 Dec;26(12):1443-1457. Epub 2017 May 19 doi: 10.1007/s00787-017-1005-z. PMID: 28527021

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Eye-tracking training improves the learning and memory of children with learning difficulty.
Chan AS, Lee TL, Sze SL, Yang NS, Han YMY
Sci Rep 2022 Aug 17;12(1):13974. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18286-6. PMID: 35977994Free PMC Article
Neuropsychological functioning in children with and without specific learning disorder.
Mufti S, Arshad M, Bibi B
J Pak Med Assoc 2021 Feb;71(2(B)):629-632. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.778. PMID: 33941948
Reintroducing Dyslexia: Early Identification and Implications for Pediatric Practice.
Sanfilippo J, Ness M, Petscher Y, Rappaport L, Zuckerman B, Gaab N
Pediatrics 2020 Jul;146(1) Epub 2020 Jun 23 doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-3046. PMID: 32576595Free PMC Article
Are specific learning disorders truly specific, and are they disorders?
Peters L, Ansari D
Trends Neurosci Educ 2019 Dec;17:100115. Epub 2019 Jul 6 doi: 10.1016/j.tine.2019.100115. PMID: 31685130
Efficacy of vision therapy in children with learning disability and associated binocular vision anomalies.
Hussaindeen JR, Shah P, Ramani KK, Ramanujan L
J Optom 2018 Jan-Mar;11(1):40-48. Epub 2017 Jun 7 doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2017.02.002. PMID: 28599912Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Giftedness and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.
Kontakou A, Dimitriou G, Panagouli E, Thomaidis L, Psaltopoulou T, Sergentanis TN, Tsitsika A
J Dev Behav Pediatr 2022 Sep 1;43(7):e483-e497. Epub 2022 Aug 29 doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000001103. PMID: 36040826
Reintroducing Dyslexia: Early Identification and Implications for Pediatric Practice.
Sanfilippo J, Ness M, Petscher Y, Rappaport L, Zuckerman B, Gaab N
Pediatrics 2020 Jul;146(1) Epub 2020 Jun 23 doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-3046. PMID: 32576595Free PMC Article
Efficacy of vision therapy in children with learning disability and associated binocular vision anomalies.
Hussaindeen JR, Shah P, Ramani KK, Ramanujan L
J Optom 2018 Jan-Mar;11(1):40-48. Epub 2017 Jun 7 doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2017.02.002. PMID: 28599912Free PMC Article
Developmental dyscalculia.
Price GR, Ansari D
Handb Clin Neurol 2013;111:241-4. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-52891-9.00025-7. PMID: 23622170
Specific learning disability and its newest definition: which is comprehensive? And which is insufficient?
Scanlon D
J Learn Disabil 2013 Jan-Feb;46(1):26-33. Epub 2012 Nov 9 doi: 10.1177/0022219412464342. PMID: 23144061

Therapy

Eye-tracking training improves the learning and memory of children with learning difficulty.
Chan AS, Lee TL, Sze SL, Yang NS, Han YMY
Sci Rep 2022 Aug 17;12(1):13974. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18286-6. PMID: 35977994Free PMC Article
Long-term melatonin treatment for the sleep problems and aberrant behaviors of children with neurodevelopmental disorders.
Yuge K, Nagamitsu S, Ishikawa Y, Hamada I, Takahashi H, Sugioka H, Yotsuya O, Mishima K, Hayashi M, Yamashita Y
BMC Psychiatry 2020 Sep 10;20(1):445. doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-02847-y. PMID: 32912180Free PMC Article
Try to Remember: Interplay between Memory and Substance Use Disorder.
Mohamed RMP, Kumar J, Yap E, Mohamed IN, Sidi H, Adam RL, Das S
Curr Drug Targets 2019;20(2):158-165. doi: 10.2174/1389450118666170622092824. PMID: 28641520
Efficacy of vision therapy in children with learning disability and associated binocular vision anomalies.
Hussaindeen JR, Shah P, Ramani KK, Ramanujan L
J Optom 2018 Jan-Mar;11(1):40-48. Epub 2017 Jun 7 doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2017.02.002. PMID: 28599912Free PMC Article
Music education for improving reading skills in children and adolescents with dyslexia.
Cogo-Moreira H, Andriolo RB, Yazigi L, Ploubidis GB, Brandão de Ávila CR, Mari JJ
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 Aug 15;(8):CD009133. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009133.pub2. PMID: 22895983

Prognosis

The hope theory and specific learning disorders and/or attention deficit disorders (SLD/ADHD): Developmental perspectives.
Einav M, Margalit M
Curr Opin Psychol 2022 Dec;48:101471. Epub 2022 Oct 7 doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101471. PMID: 36335656
Neuropsychological functioning in children with and without specific learning disorder.
Mufti S, Arshad M, Bibi B
J Pak Med Assoc 2021 Feb;71(2(B)):629-632. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.778. PMID: 33941948
The emergence of dyslexia in the developing brain.
Kuhl U, Neef NE, Kraft I, Schaadt G, Dörr L, Brauer J, Czepezauer I, Müller B, Wilcke A, Kirsten H, Emmrich F, Boltze J, Friederici AD, Skeide MA
Neuroimage 2020 May 1;211:116633. Epub 2020 Feb 12 doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116633. PMID: 32061802
A compensatory role for declarative memory in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Ullman MT, Pullman MY
Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015 Apr;51:205-22. Epub 2015 Jan 15 doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.008. PMID: 25597655Free PMC Article
Summary of the practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with language and learning disorders. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998 Oct;37(10):1117-9. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199810000-00027. PMID: 9785725

Clinical prediction guides

The hope theory and specific learning disorders and/or attention deficit disorders (SLD/ADHD): Developmental perspectives.
Einav M, Margalit M
Curr Opin Psychol 2022 Dec;48:101471. Epub 2022 Oct 7 doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101471. PMID: 36335656
Neuropsychological functioning in children with and without specific learning disorder.
Mufti S, Arshad M, Bibi B
J Pak Med Assoc 2021 Feb;71(2(B)):629-632. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.778. PMID: 33941948
A compensatory role for declarative memory in neurodevelopmental disorders.
Ullman MT, Pullman MY
Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015 Apr;51:205-22. Epub 2015 Jan 15 doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.008. PMID: 25597655Free PMC Article
Specific learning disorder: prevalence and gender differences.
Moll K, Kunze S, Neuhoff N, Bruder J, Schulte-Körne G
PLoS One 2014;9(7):e103537. Epub 2014 Jul 29 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103537. PMID: 25072465Free PMC Article
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities in adults.
McCann BS, Roy-Byrne P
Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 2000 Jul;5(3):191-7. doi: 10.1053/scnp.2000.6730. PMID: 11291014

Recent systematic reviews

Giftedness and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review.
Kontakou A, Dimitriou G, Panagouli E, Thomaidis L, Psaltopoulou T, Sergentanis TN, Tsitsika A
J Dev Behav Pediatr 2022 Sep 1;43(7):e483-e497. Epub 2022 Aug 29 doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000001103. PMID: 36040826
Research Review: Language and specific learning disorders in children and their co-occurrence with internalizing and externalizing problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Donolato E, Cardillo R, Mammarella IC, Melby-Lervåg M
J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022 May;63(5):507-518. Epub 2021 Nov 7 doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13536. PMID: 34747025
Practitioner Review: Multilingualism and neurodevelopmental disorders - an overview of recent research and discussion of clinical implications.
Uljarević M, Katsos N, Hudry K, Gibson JL
J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016 Nov;57(11):1205-1217. Epub 2016 Jul 22 doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12596. PMID: 27443172
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for children with specific learning disorders.
Tan ML, Ho JJ, Teh KH
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 Dec 12;12:CD009398. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009398.pub2. PMID: 23235675
Music education for improving reading skills in children and adolescents with dyslexia.
Cogo-Moreira H, Andriolo RB, Yazigi L, Ploubidis GB, Brandão de Ávila CR, Mari JJ
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 Aug 15;(8):CD009133. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009133.pub2. PMID: 22895983

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Consumer resources

    Reviews

    Related information

    • MeSH
      Related Medical Subject Headings
    • PMC Articles
      Related information in PubMed Central Links
    • PubMed
      Related literature resources in PubMed

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...