Clubfoot is a congenital limb deformity defined as fixation of the foot in cavus, adductus, varus, and equinus (i.e., inclined inwards, axially rotated outwards, and pointing downwards) with concomitant soft tissue abnormalities (Cardy et al., 2007). Clubfoot may occur in isolation or as part of a syndrome (e.g., diastrophic dysplasia, 222600). Clubfoot has been reported with deficiency of long bones and mirror-image polydactyly (Gurnett et al., 2008; Klopocki et al., 2012).

A foot where the longitudinal arch of the foot is in contact with the ground or floor when the individual is standing; or, in a patient lying supine, a foot where the arch is in contact with the surface of a flat board pressed against the sole of the foot by the examiner with a pressure similar to that expected from weight bearing; or, the height of the arch is reduced.

Lateral deviation of the great toe (i.e., in the direction of the little toe).

Slippage of the FEMUR off the TIBIA.

Spoon-shaped, broad thumbs.

A dislocation of the head of the radius from its socket in the elbow joint.

A deformity of foot and ankle in which the foot is bent down and outwards.

The legs angle inward, such that the knees are close together and the ankles far apart.

A widely spaced gap between the first toe (the great toe) and the second toe.

Disproportionate shortening of the proximal segment of limbs (i.e. the femur and humerus).

Abnormally wide (broad) distal phalanx of finger of all fingers.

Increased mobility of one ore more metacarpophalangeal joint.

The metatarsals are deviated medially (tibially), that is, the bones in the front half of the foot bend or turn in toward the body.

Failure of the foramen ovale to seal postnatally, leaving a potential conduit between the left and right cardiac atria.

Increased size of the heart, clinically defined as an increased transverse diameter of the cardiac silhouette that is greater than or equal to 50% of the transverse diameter of the chest (increased cardiothoracic ratio) on a posterior-anterior projection of a chest radiograph or a computed tomography.

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital abnormality of the interatrial septum that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum.

One or both of the leaflets (cusps) of the mitral valve bulges back into the left atrium upon contraction of the left ventricle.

Aortic valve disease-2 (AOVD2) is characterized by bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and dilation of the ascending aorta. Calcification of the valve and the aorta has been observed, and some patients exhibit coarctation of the aorta (Tan et al., 2012; Luyckx et al., 2019; Park et al., 2019). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of aortic valve disease, see AOVD1 (109730).

Enlargement or increased size of the heart left ventricle.

An abnormal localized widening (dilatation) of the aortic root.

A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).

The presence of any abnormality affecting the abdominal wall.

Underdevelopment of the external ear.

Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.

Increased anterosuperior prominence of the area between the bottom of the incisura and the inner margin of the antihelix.

Hydrocephalus is an active distension of the ventricular system of the brain resulting from inadequate passage of CSF from its point of production within the cerebral ventricles to its point of absorption into the systemic circulation.

A type of Developmental delay characterized by a delay in acquiring motor skills.

Craniosynostosis refers to the premature closure of the cranial sutures. Primary craniosynostosis refers to the closure of one or more sutures due to abnormalities in skull development, and secondary craniosynostosis results from failure of brain growth.

The repeated occurrence of bone fractures (implying an abnormally increased tendency for fracture).

Protrusion of the contents of the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal.

Displacement of the femur from its normal location in the hip joint.

Developmental hypoplasia of the mandible.

Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.

Osteopenia is a term to define bone density that is not normal but also not as low as osteoporosis. By definition from the World Health Organization osteopenia is defined by bone densitometry as a T score -1 to -2.5.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone density and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with a consequent increase in bone fragility. According to the WHO criteria, osteoporosis is defined as a BMD that lies 2.5 standard deviations or more below the average value for young healthy adults (a T-score below -2.5 SD).

The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

A displacement or misalignment of the humerus with respect to the other bones of the should joint. Note that a subluxation is a partial dislocation.

A deformity of the chest caused by overgrowth of the ribs and characterized by protrusion of the sternum.

An abnormal osseous union (fusion) between the radius and the ulna.

Bilateral bulging of the lateral frontal bone prominences with relative sparing of the midline.

An abnormality of skull shape characterized by a decreased anterior-posterior diameter. That is, a cephalic index greater than 81%. Alternatively, an apparently shortened anteroposterior dimension (length) of the head compared to width.

The presence of a hernia of the diaphragm present at birth.

Dislocation of many joints.

An elbow contracture that limits the ability of the elbow joint to be extended (straightened), meaning that the elbow is fixed in an flexed (bent) position.

Reduced width of the chest from side to side, associated with a reduced distance from the sternal notch to the tip of the shoulder.

A decreased rate of skeletal maturation. Delayed skeletal maturation can be diagnosed on the basis of an estimation of the bone age from radiographs of specific bones in the human body.

An abnormally increased rate of skeletal maturation. Accelerated skeletal maturation can be diagnosed on the basis of an estimation of the bone age from radiographs of specific bones in the human body.

A form of developmental hypoplasia of the mandible in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.

Presence of only 11 pairs of ribs.

A flattened vertebral body shape with reduced distance between the vertebral endplates.

The capability that a joint (or a group of joints) has to move, passively and/or actively, beyond normal limits along physiological axes.

The presence of a splayed (i.e.,flared) metaphyseal segment of one or more long bones.

Abnormal increase in size of one or more metaphyses.

Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone).

Distance between the commissures of the mouth more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased width of the oral aperture (subjective).

Pterygium colli is a congenital skin fold that runs along the sides of the neck down to the shoulders. It involves an ectopic fibrotic facial band superficial to the trapezius muscle. Excess hair-bearing skin is also present and extends down the cervical region well beyond the normal hairline.

Decreased size of the teeth, which can be defined as a mesiodistal tooth diameter (width) more than 2 SD below mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased maximum width of tooth.

The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations below the mean.

Diminished length of the neck.

Posterior positioning of the nasal root in relation to the overall facial profile for age.

Forward prominence of the entire forehead, due to protrusion of the frontal bone.

Width of the forehead or distance between the frontotemporales is more than two standard deviations above the mean (objective); or apparently increased distance between the two sides of the forehead.

Absence of concavity or convexity of the face when viewed in profile.

Posterior positions and/or vertical shortening of the infraorbital and perialar regions, or increased concavity of the face and/or reduced nasolabial angle.

Increased density/number and/or increased diameter of eyebrow hairs.

A face that is short and narrow.

Hair on the neck extends more inferiorly than usual.

Distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border more than 2 SD above the mean. Alternatively, an apparently increased distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border.

Cleft palate is a developmental defect of the palate resulting from a failure of fusion of the palatine processes and manifesting as a separation of the roof of the mouth (soft and hard palate).

Wrinkled, redundant, inelastic and sagging skin.

A condition in which the skin can be stretched beyond normal, and then returns to its initial position.

Reduced visual acuity that is uncorrectable by lenses in the absence of detectable anatomic defects in the eye or visual pathways.

A form of strabismus with one or both eyes turned inward ('crossed') to a relatively severe degree, usually defined as 10 diopters or more.

An eye that is protruding anterior to the plane of the face to a greater extent than is typical.

An abnormality of refraction characterized by the ability to see objects in the distance clearly, while objects nearby appear blurry.

Although hypertelorism means an excessive distance between any paired organs (e.g., the nipples), the use of the word has come to be confined to ocular hypertelorism. Hypertelorism occurs as an isolated feature and is also a feature of many syndromes, e.g., Opitz G syndrome (see 300000), Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (175700), and Noonan syndrome (163950) (summary by Cohen et al., 1995).

An abnormal bluish coloration of the sclera.

Diffusely large eye (with megalocornea) without glaucoma.

Structural abnormalities that impede fluid drainage in the eye increase ocular pressure. These abnormalities may be present at birth and usually become apparent during the first year of life. Such structural abnormalities may be part of a genetic disorder that affects many body systems, called a syndrome. If glaucoma appears before the age of 3 without other associated abnormalities, it is called primary congenital glaucoma.\n\nOther individuals experience early onset of primary open-angle glaucoma, the most common adult form of glaucoma. If primary open-angle glaucoma develops during childhood or early adulthood, it is called juvenile open-angle glaucoma.\n\nUsually glaucoma develops in older adults, in whom the risk of developing the disorder may be affected by a variety of medical conditions including high blood pressure (hypertension) and diabetes mellitus, as well as family history. The risk of early-onset glaucoma depends mainly on heredity.\n\nIn most people with glaucoma, the damage to the optic nerves is caused by increased pressure within the eyes (intraocular pressure). Intraocular pressure depends on a balance between fluid entering and leaving the eyes.\n\nGlaucoma is a group of eye disorders in which the optic nerves connecting the eyes and the brain are progressively damaged. This damage can lead to reduction in side (peripheral) vision and eventual blindness. Other signs and symptoms may include bulging eyes, excessive tearing, and abnormal sensitivity to light (photophobia). The term "early-onset glaucoma" may be used when the disorder appears before the age of 40.