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Rubella

MedGen UID:
48514
•Concept ID:
C0035920
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: German measles; Three day measles
SNOMED CT: Rubella (36653000); German measles (36653000)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0004656

Definition

A viral infection caused by the rubella virus. It is initially manifested with flu-like symptoms that last one or two days, followed by the development of a characteristic red rash which lasts from one to five days. The rash first appears in the neck and face. It subsequently spreads to the rest of the body. [from NCI]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #52: Diagnosis and management of fetal growth restriction: (Replaces Clinical Guideline Number 3, April 2012).
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). Electronic address: pubs@smfm.org, Martins JG, Biggio JR, Abuhamad A
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020 Oct;223(4):B2-B17. Epub 2020 May 12 doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.010. PMID: 32407785
Rubella and pregnancy: diagnosis, management and outcomes.
Bouthry E, Picone O, Hamdi G, Grangeot-Keros L, Ayoubi JM, Vauloup-Fellous C
Prenat Diagn 2014 Dec;34(13):1246-53. Epub 2014 Sep 16 doi: 10.1002/pd.4467. PMID: 25066688
Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: prevention, screening, and treatment.
Paquet C, Yudin MH; Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2013 Jan;35(1):78-81. doi: 10.1016/s1701-2163(15)31053-7. PMID: 23343802

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

The state of measles and rubella in the WHO European Region, 2013.
Muscat M, Shefer A, Ben Mamou M, Spataru R, Jankovic D, Deshevoy S, Butler R, Pfeifer D
Clin Microbiol Infect 2014 May;20 Suppl 5:12-8. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12584. PMID: 24520948
Rubella.
Best JM
Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2007 Jun;12(3):182-92. Epub 2007 Mar 2 doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.017. PMID: 17337363
Rubella.
Vander Straten MR, Tyring SK
Dermatol Clin 2002 Apr;20(2):225-31. doi: 10.1016/s0733-8635(01)00005-5. PMID: 12120437
Rubella and rubeola.
Rosa C
Semin Perinatol 1998 Aug;22(4):318-22. doi: 10.1016/s0146-0005(98)80020-7. PMID: 9738996
Rubella.
Boniuk V
Int Ophthalmol Clin 1975 Winter;15(4):229-41. doi: 10.1097/00004397-197501540-00019. PMID: 773881

Diagnosis

Rubella.
Winter AK, Moss WJ
Lancet 2022 Apr 2;399(10332):1336-1346. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02691-X. PMID: 35367004
Rubella.
Lambert N, Strebel P, Orenstein W, Icenogle J, Poland GA
Lancet 2015 Jun 6;385(9984):2297-307. Epub 2015 Jan 8 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60539-0. PMID: 25576992Free PMC Article
Rubella and pregnancy: diagnosis, management and outcomes.
Bouthry E, Picone O, Hamdi G, Grangeot-Keros L, Ayoubi JM, Vauloup-Fellous C
Prenat Diagn 2014 Dec;34(13):1246-53. Epub 2014 Sep 16 doi: 10.1002/pd.4467. PMID: 25066688
Rubella.
Best JM
Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2007 Jun;12(3):182-92. Epub 2007 Mar 2 doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.017. PMID: 17337363
Rubella.
Vander Straten MR, Tyring SK
Dermatol Clin 2002 Apr;20(2):225-31. doi: 10.1016/s0733-8635(01)00005-5. PMID: 12120437

Therapy

The path to eradication of rubella.
Reef SE, Icenogle JP, Plotkin SA
Vaccine 2023 Dec 7;41(50):7525-7531. Epub 2023 Nov 14 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.11.014. PMID: 37973510
A Review on Rubella Vaccine: Iran (1975-2010).
Shafayi A, Mohammadi A
Arch Razi Inst 2021 Jul;76(2):167-192. Epub 2021 Jul 1 doi: 10.22092/ari.2021.353242.1594. PMID: 34223717Free PMC Article
Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children.
Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Marchione P, Debalini MG, Demicheli V
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 Apr 20;4(4):CD004407. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub4. PMID: 32309885Free PMC Article
Post-exposure passive immunisation for preventing rubella and congenital rubella syndrome.
Young MK, Cripps AW, Nimmo GR, van Driel ML
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 Sep 9;2015(9):CD010586. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010586.pub2. PMID: 26350479Free PMC Article
Measles.
Donald A, Muthu V
Clin Evid 2002 Jun;(7):331-40. PMID: 12230657

Prognosis

Live Attenuated Varicella Vaccine: Prevention of Varicella and of Zoster.
Gershon AA, Gershon MD, Shapiro ED
J Infect Dis 2021 Sep 30;224(12 Suppl 2):S387-S397. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa573. PMID: 34590140Free PMC Article
Measles and Rubella Global Strategic Plan 2012-2020 midterm review report: Background and summary.
Orenstein WA, Cairns L, Hinman A, Nkowane B, Olivé JM, Reingold AL
Vaccine 2018 Jan 11;36 Suppl 1:A35-A42. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.065. PMID: 29307368
Epidemiology of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in Japan before 1989.
Ueda K
Vaccine 2016 Apr 7;34(16):1971-4. Epub 2015 Oct 23 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.010. PMID: 26469722
Preconception care.
Berghella V, Buchanan E, Pereira L, Baxter JK
Obstet Gynecol Surv 2010 Feb;65(2):119-31. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e3181d0c358. PMID: 20100361
Science and serendipity.
Pepys MB
Clin Med (Lond) 2007 Dec;7(6):562-78. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.7-6-562. PMID: 18193704Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Rubella in Poland in 2020.
Bogusz J, Augustynowicz E, Paradowska-Stankiewicz I
Przegl Epidemiol 2022;76(4):554-560. doi: 10.32394/pe.76.50. PMID: 37017447
Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination and Autism: A Nationwide Cohort Study.
Hviid A, Hansen JV, Frisch M, Melbye M
Ann Intern Med 2019 Apr 16;170(8):513-520. Epub 2019 Mar 5 doi: 10.7326/M18-2101. PMID: 30831578
No. 368-RUBELLA IN PREGNANCY.
Boucoiran I, Castillo E
J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2018 Dec;40(12):1646-1656. doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2018.07.003. PMID: 30527073
Challenges of measles and rubella laboratory diagnostic in the era of elimination.
Hübschen JM, Bork SM, Brown KE, Mankertz A, Santibanez S, Ben Mamou M, Mulders MN, Muller CP
Clin Microbiol Infect 2017 Aug;23(8):511-515. Epub 2017 Apr 13 doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.04.009. PMID: 28412379
Rubella.
Boniuk V
Int Ophthalmol Clin 1975 Winter;15(4):229-41. doi: 10.1097/00004397-197501540-00019. PMID: 773881

Recent systematic reviews

Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children.
Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Marchione P, Debalini MG, Demicheli V
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021 Nov 22;11(11):CD004407. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub5. PMID: 34806766Free PMC Article
Safety of vaccines used for routine immunization in the United States: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.
Gidengil C, Goetz MB, Newberry S, Maglione M, Hall O, Larkin J, Motala A, Hempel S
Vaccine 2021 Jun 23;39(28):3696-3716. Epub 2021 May 25 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.079. PMID: 34049735
Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children.
Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Marchione P, Debalini MG, Demicheli V
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 Apr 20;4(4):CD004407. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub4. PMID: 32309885Free PMC Article
Tonsillitis.
Georgalas CC, Tolley NS, Narula PA
BMJ Clin Evid 2014 Jul 22;2014 PMID: 25051184Free PMC Article
Tonsillitis.
Georgalas CC, Tolley NS, Narula A
BMJ Clin Evid 2009 Oct 26;2009 PMID: 21718574Free PMC Article

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