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Sotos syndrome(SOTOS)

MedGen UID:
61232
Concept ID:
C0175695
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Cerebral gigantism; CHROMOSOME 5q35 DELETION SYNDROME; Distinctive facial appearance, overgrowth in childhood, and learning disabilities or delayed development; SOTOS; Sotos' syndrome
SNOMED CT: Cerebral gigantism (75968004); Sotos syndrome (75968004); Sotos' syndrome (75968004); Cerebral gigantism syndrome (75968004); Cerebral giant (75968004)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal recessive inheritance
MedGen UID:
141025
Concept ID:
C0441748
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).
Autosomal dominant inheritance
MedGen UID:
141047
Concept ID:
C0443147
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes. In the context of medical genetics, an autosomal dominant disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele.
 
Gene (location): NSD1 (5q35.3)
 
OMIM®: 117550
Orphanet: ORPHA821

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Sotos Syndrome
Sotos syndrome is characterized by a distinctive facial appearance (broad and prominent forehead with a dolichocephalic head shape, sparse frontotemporal hair, downslanting palpebral fissures, malar flushing, long and narrow face, long chin); learning disability (early developmental delay, mild-to-severe intellectual impairment); and overgrowth (height and/or head circumference ≥2 SD above the mean). These three clinical features are considered the cardinal features of Sotos syndrome. Major features of Sotos syndrome include behavioral findings (most notably autistic spectrum disorder), advanced bone age, cardiac anomalies, cranial MRI/CT abnormalities, joint hyperlaxity with or without pes planus, maternal preeclampsia, neonatal complications, renal anomalies, scoliosis, and seizures. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Katrina Tatton-Brown  |  Trevor RP Cole  |  Nazneen Rahman   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Sotos syndrome (SOTOS) is a neurologic disorder characterized by overgrowth from the prenatal stage through childhood, with advanced bone age, an unusual face with large skull, acromegalic features and pointed chin, occasional brain anomalies and seizures, and impaired intellectual development (summary by Kurotaki et al., 2002). Weaver syndrome (277590), which shows considerable phenotypic overlap with Sotos syndrome, has been shown to be caused by mutation in the EZH2 gene (601573) on chromosome 7q36.  http://www.omim.org/entry/117550
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Sotos syndrome is a disorder characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, overgrowth in childhood, and learning disabilities or delayed development of mental and movement abilities. Characteristic facial features include a long, narrow face; a high forehead; flushed (reddened) cheeks; and a small, pointed chin.  In addition, the outside corners of the eyes may point downward (down-slanting palpebral fissures). This facial appearance is most notable in early childhood. Affected infants and children tend to grow quickly; they are significantly taller than their siblings and peers and have an unusually large head. However, adult height is usually in the normal range.

People with Sotos syndrome often have intellectual disability, and most also have neurodevelopmental disorders. Conditions that commonly occur in people with Sotos syndrome include autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), phobias, obsessions and compulsions, tantrums, and impulsive behaviors. Problems with speech and language are also common.  Affected individuals often have a stutter, a monotone voice, and problems with sound production. Additionally, weak muscle tone (hypotonia) may delay other aspects of early development, particularly motor skills such as sitting and crawling.

Other signs and symptoms of Sotos syndrome can include an abnormal side-to-side curvature of the spine (scoliosis), seizures, heart or kidney defects, hearing loss, and problems with vision. Some infants with this disorder experience yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice) and poor feeding.

A small percentage of people with Sotos syndrome have developed cancer, most often in childhood, but no single form of cancer occurs most frequently with this condition. It remains uncertain whether Sotos syndrome increases the risk of specific types of cancer. If people with this disorder have an increased cancer risk, it is only slightly greater than that of the general population.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/sotos-syndrome

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
Follow this link to review classifications for Sotos syndrome in Orphanet.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Muhsin E, Basak G, Banu D, Alper G, Mustafa S
J Mol Neurosci 2022 Jan;72(1):149-157. Epub 2021 Aug 12 doi: 10.1007/s12031-021-01897-5. PMID: 34386909
Chen CP
Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2012 Jun;51(2):186-91. doi: 10.1016/j.tjog.2012.04.004. PMID: 22795092
Cole TR, Hughes HE
J Med Genet 1994 Jan;31(1):20-32. doi: 10.1136/jmg.31.1.20. PMID: 7512144Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Mohan P, Lemoine J, Trotter C, Rakova I, Billings P, Peacock S, Kao CY, Wang Y, Xia F, Eng CM, Benn P
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2022 Jan;59(1):33-39. doi: 10.1002/uog.23756. PMID: 34358384Free PMC Article
Fontanella F, Maggio L, Verheij JBGM, Duin LK, Adama Van Scheltema PN, Cohen-Overbeek TE, Pajkrt E, Bekker M, Willekes C, Bax CJ, Gracchi V, Oepkes D, Bilardo CM
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2019 Jun;53(6):779-787. doi: 10.1002/uog.19182. PMID: 30043466Free PMC Article
Priolo M, Schanze D, Tatton-Brown K, Mulder PA, Tenorio J, Kooblall K, Acero IH, Alkuraya FS, Arias P, Bernardini L, Bijlsma EK, Cole T, Coubes C, Dapia I, Davies S, Di Donato N, Elcioglu NH, Fahrner JA, Foster A, González NG, Huber I, Iascone M, Kaiser AS, Kamath A, Liebelt J, Lynch SA, Maas SM, Mammì C, Mathijssen IB, McKee S, Menke LA, Mirzaa GM, Montgomery T, Neubauer D, Neumann TE, Pintomalli L, Pisanti MA, Plomp AS, Price S, Salter C, Santos-Simarro F, Sarda P, Segovia M, Shaw-Smith C, Smithson S, Suri M, Valdez RM, Van Haeringen A, Van Hagen JM, Zollino M, Lapunzina P, Thakker RV, Zenker M, Hennekam RC
Hum Mutat 2018 Sep;39(9):1226-1237. Epub 2018 Jun 25 doi: 10.1002/humu.23563. PMID: 29897170Free PMC Article
Lord K, De León DD
Clin Perinatol 2018 Mar;45(1):61-74. Epub 2017 Dec 6 doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2017.10.007. PMID: 29406007
Baujat G, Cormier-Daire V
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007 Sep 7;2:36. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-36. PMID: 17825104Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Mohan P, Lemoine J, Trotter C, Rakova I, Billings P, Peacock S, Kao CY, Wang Y, Xia F, Eng CM, Benn P
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2022 Jan;59(1):33-39. doi: 10.1002/uog.23756. PMID: 34358384Free PMC Article
Urakami T
Minerva Pediatr 2020 Dec;72(6):472-483. Epub 2020 Aug 4 doi: 10.23736/S0026-4946.20.05971-X. PMID: 32748612
Priolo M, Schanze D, Tatton-Brown K, Mulder PA, Tenorio J, Kooblall K, Acero IH, Alkuraya FS, Arias P, Bernardini L, Bijlsma EK, Cole T, Coubes C, Dapia I, Davies S, Di Donato N, Elcioglu NH, Fahrner JA, Foster A, González NG, Huber I, Iascone M, Kaiser AS, Kamath A, Liebelt J, Lynch SA, Maas SM, Mammì C, Mathijssen IB, McKee S, Menke LA, Mirzaa GM, Montgomery T, Neubauer D, Neumann TE, Pintomalli L, Pisanti MA, Plomp AS, Price S, Salter C, Santos-Simarro F, Sarda P, Segovia M, Shaw-Smith C, Smithson S, Suri M, Valdez RM, Van Haeringen A, Van Hagen JM, Zollino M, Lapunzina P, Thakker RV, Zenker M, Hennekam RC
Hum Mutat 2018 Sep;39(9):1226-1237. Epub 2018 Jun 25 doi: 10.1002/humu.23563. PMID: 29897170Free PMC Article
Lord K, De León DD
Clin Perinatol 2018 Mar;45(1):61-74. Epub 2017 Dec 6 doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2017.10.007. PMID: 29406007
Baujat G, Cormier-Daire V
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007 Sep 7;2:36. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-36. PMID: 17825104Free PMC Article

Therapy

Ragaie C, Kishk NA, Nawito AM, Othman AS, Magdy R
Int J Neurosci 2023 Jan;133(1):81-85. Epub 2021 Feb 17 doi: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1886096. PMID: 33554696
Kontbay T, Şıklar Z, Ceylaner S, Berberoğlu M
J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2022 Aug 25;14(3):356-360. Epub 2021 May 20 doi: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2021.2020.0273. PMID: 34013836Free PMC Article
Gilbert JD, Byard RW
Med Sci Law 2018 Apr;58(2):119-121. Epub 2018 Mar 12 doi: 10.1177/0025802418758210. PMID: 29528771
Lord K, De León DD
Clin Perinatol 2018 Mar;45(1):61-74. Epub 2017 Dec 6 doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2017.10.007. PMID: 29406007
Vougiouklakis T, Hamamoto R, Nakamura Y, Saloura V
Epigenomics 2015 Aug;7(5):863-74. Epub 2015 May 5 doi: 10.2217/epi.15.32. PMID: 25942451

Prognosis

Zenker M, Mohnike K, Palm K
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023;14:1013874. Epub 2023 Mar 30 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1013874. PMID: 37065762Free PMC Article
Urakami T
Minerva Pediatr 2020 Dec;72(6):472-483. Epub 2020 Aug 4 doi: 10.23736/S0026-4946.20.05971-X. PMID: 32748612
Tatton-Brown K, Loveday C, Yost S, Clarke M, Ramsay E, Zachariou A, Elliott A, Wylie H, Ardissone A, Rittinger O, Stewart F, Temple IK, Cole T; Childhood Overgrowth Collaboration, Mahamdallie S, Seal S, Ruark E, Rahman N
Am J Hum Genet 2017 May 4;100(5):725-736. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.03.010. PMID: 28475857Free PMC Article
Arnoux JB, de Lonlay P, Ribeiro MJ, Hussain K, Blankenstein O, Mohnike K, Valayannopoulos V, Robert JJ, Rahier J, Sempoux C, Bellanné C, Verkarre V, Aigrain Y, Jaubert F, Brunelle F, Nihoul-Fékété C
Early Hum Dev 2010 May;86(5):287-94. Epub 2010 Jun 13 doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.05.003. PMID: 20550977
Baujat G, Cormier-Daire V
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007 Sep 7;2:36. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-36. PMID: 17825104Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Zenker M, Mohnike K, Palm K
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023;14:1013874. Epub 2023 Mar 30 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1013874. PMID: 37065762Free PMC Article
Mohan P, Lemoine J, Trotter C, Rakova I, Billings P, Peacock S, Kao CY, Wang Y, Xia F, Eng CM, Benn P
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2022 Jan;59(1):33-39. doi: 10.1002/uog.23756. PMID: 34358384Free PMC Article
Urakami T
Minerva Pediatr 2020 Dec;72(6):472-483. Epub 2020 Aug 4 doi: 10.23736/S0026-4946.20.05971-X. PMID: 32748612
Lane C, Milne E, Freeth M
PLoS One 2016;11(2):e0149189. Epub 2016 Feb 12 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149189. PMID: 26872390Free PMC Article
Baujat G, Cormier-Daire V
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007 Sep 7;2:36. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-2-36. PMID: 17825104Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Romero VI, Arias-Almeida B, Aguiar SA
BMC Genomics 2022 Dec 22;23(1):849. doi: 10.1186/s12864-022-09071-w. PMID: 36550402Free PMC Article
Danis DO 3rd, Bodamer O, Levi JR
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021 Apr;143:110649. Epub 2021 Feb 12 doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110649. PMID: 33640723
Lane C, Milne E, Freeth M
PLoS One 2016;11(2):e0149189. Epub 2016 Feb 12 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149189. PMID: 26872390Free PMC Article

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