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Gender dysphoria

MedGen UID:
673229
•Concept ID:
C0686346
•
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Synonyms: Disorder, Gender Identity; Gender Dysphoria; Gender Identity Disorder; Gender Identity Disorders; Identity Disorder, Gender
SNOMED CT: Gender dysphoria (93461009); Gender identity dysphoria (93461009); Gender incongruence (93461009)
 
Orphanet: ORPHA459690

Definition

A marked difference between the individual''s expressed/experienced gender and the gender others would assign to the individual, and it must continue for at least six months. (from DSM-5) [from MeSH]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVGender dysphoria

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Hormonal Gender Reassignment Treatment for Gender Dysphoria.
Meyer G, Boczek U, Bojunga J
Dtsch Arztebl Int 2020 Oct 23;117(43):725-732. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0725. PMID: 33559593Free PMC Article
Gender Dysphoria: Bioethical Aspects of Medical Treatment.
Bizic MR, Jeftovic M, Pusica S, Stojanovic B, Duisin D, Vujovic S, Rakic V, Djordjevic ML
Biomed Res Int 2018;2018:9652305. Epub 2018 Jun 13 doi: 10.1155/2018/9652305. PMID: 30009180Free PMC Article
Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.
Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, Hannema SE, Meyer WJ, Murad MH, Rosenthal SM, Safer JD, Tangpricha V, T'Sjoen GG
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017 Nov 1;102(11):3869-3903. doi: 10.1210/jc.2017-01658. PMID: 28945902

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Mental Health Outcomes in Transgender and Nonbinary Youths Receiving Gender-Affirming Care.
Tordoff DM, Wanta JW, Collin A, Stepney C, Inwards-Breland DJ, Ahrens K
JAMA Netw Open 2022 Feb 1;5(2):e220978. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0978. PMID: 35212746Free PMC Article
Gender incongruence and gender dysphoria in childhood and adolescence-current insights in diagnostics, management, and follow-up.
Claahsen-van der Grinten H, Verhaak C, Steensma T, Middelberg T, Roeffen J, Klink D
Eur J Pediatr 2021 May;180(5):1349-1357. Epub 2020 Dec 18 doi: 10.1007/s00431-020-03906-y. PMID: 33337526Free PMC Article
Hormonal Gender Reassignment Treatment for Gender Dysphoria.
Meyer G, Boczek U, Bojunga J
Dtsch Arztebl Int 2020 Oct 23;117(43):725-732. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0725. PMID: 33559593Free PMC Article
Mental health and gender dysphoria: A review of the literature.
Dhejne C, Van Vlerken R, Heylens G, Arcelus J
Int Rev Psychiatry 2016;28(1):44-57. doi: 10.3109/09540261.2015.1115753. PMID: 26835611
Gender dysphoria and autism spectrum disorder: A narrative review.
Van Der Miesen AI, Hurley H, De Vries AL
Int Rev Psychiatry 2016;28(1):70-80. Epub 2016 Jan 12 doi: 10.3109/09540261.2015.1111199. PMID: 26753812

Diagnosis

Gender dysphoria in children and adolescents: an overview.
Skordis N, Kyriakou A, Dror S, Mushailov A, Nicolaides NC
Hormones (Athens) 2020 Sep;19(3):267-276. Epub 2020 Feb 4 doi: 10.1007/s42000-020-00174-1. PMID: 32020566
Epidemiology of gender dysphoria and transgender identity.
Zucker KJ
Sex Health 2017 Oct;14(5):404-411. doi: 10.1071/SH17067. PMID: 28838353
Gender dysphoria in childhood.
Ristori J, Steensma TD
Int Rev Psychiatry 2016;28(1):13-20. Epub 2016 Jan 12 doi: 10.3109/09540261.2015.1115754. PMID: 26754056
Gender dysphoria and autism spectrum disorder: A narrative review.
Van Der Miesen AI, Hurley H, De Vries AL
Int Rev Psychiatry 2016;28(1):70-80. Epub 2016 Jan 12 doi: 10.3109/09540261.2015.1111199. PMID: 26753812
Non-binary or genderqueer genders.
Richards C, Bouman WP, Seal L, Barker MJ, Nieder TO, T'Sjoen G
Int Rev Psychiatry 2016;28(1):95-102. Epub 2016 Jan 12 doi: 10.3109/09540261.2015.1106446. PMID: 26753630

Therapy

Gender dysphoria in children and adolescents: an overview.
Skordis N, Kyriakou A, Dror S, Mushailov A, Nicolaides NC
Hormones (Athens) 2020 Sep;19(3):267-276. Epub 2020 Feb 4 doi: 10.1007/s42000-020-00174-1. PMID: 32020566
Contraception across the transmasculine spectrum.
Krempasky C, Harris M, Abern L, Grimstad F
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020 Feb;222(2):134-143. Epub 2019 Aug 5 doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.07.043. PMID: 31394072
Gender-affirming hormones and surgery in transgender children and adolescents.
Mahfouda S, Moore JK, Siafarikas A, Hewitt T, Ganti U, Lin A, Zepf FD
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019 Jun;7(6):484-498. Epub 2018 Dec 6 doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30305-X. PMID: 30528161
Gender-Affirming Hormone Use in Transgender Individuals: Impact on Behavioral Health and Cognition.
Nguyen HB, Chavez AM, Lipner E, Hantsoo L, Kornfield SL, Davies RD, Epperson CN
Curr Psychiatry Rep 2018 Oct 11;20(12):110. doi: 10.1007/s11920-018-0973-0. PMID: 30306351Free PMC Article
Oestrogen and anti-androgen therapy for transgender women.
Tangpricha V, den Heijer M
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017 Apr;5(4):291-300. Epub 2016 Dec 2 doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30319-9. PMID: 27916515Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Long-term Outcomes After Gender-Affirming Surgery: 40-Year Follow-up Study.
Park RH, Liu YT, Samuel A, Gurganus M, Gampper TJ, Corbett ST, Shahane A, Stranix JT
Ann Plast Surg 2022 Oct 1;89(4):431-436. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000003233. PMID: 36149983
Cardiovascular Risk Associated With Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy in Transgender Population.
Aranda G, Halperin I, Gomez-Gil E, Hanzu FA, Seguí N, Guillamon A, Mora M
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:718200. Epub 2021 Sep 30 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.718200. PMID: 34659112Free PMC Article
Gender incongruence and gender dysphoria in childhood and adolescence-current insights in diagnostics, management, and follow-up.
Claahsen-van der Grinten H, Verhaak C, Steensma T, Middelberg T, Roeffen J, Klink D
Eur J Pediatr 2021 May;180(5):1349-1357. Epub 2020 Dec 18 doi: 10.1007/s00431-020-03906-y. PMID: 33337526Free PMC Article
Gender Dysphoria, Eating Disorders and Body Image: An Overview.
Milano W, Ambrosio P, Carizzone F, De Biasio V, Foggia G, Capasso A
Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020;20(4):518-524. doi: 10.2174/1871530319666191015193120. PMID: 31644411
Gender dysphoria.
Atkinson SR, Russell D
Aust Fam Physician 2015;44(11):792-6. PMID: 26590617

Clinical prediction guides

Endocrinological Approach to Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria: Experience of a Pediatric Endocrinology Department in a Tertiary Center in Turkey.
Karakılıç Özturan E, Öztürk AP, Baş F, Erdoğdu AB, Kaptan S, Kardelen Al AD, Poyrazoğlu Ş, Yıldız M, Direk N, Yüksel Ş, Darendeliler F
J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2023 Aug 23;15(3):276-284. Epub 2023 Mar 29 doi: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2023.2023-1-13. PMID: 36987788Free PMC Article
Gender medicine: effects of sex and gender on cardiovascular disease manifestation and outcomes.
Regitz-Zagrosek V, Gebhard C
Nat Rev Cardiol 2023 Apr;20(4):236-247. Epub 2022 Oct 31 doi: 10.1038/s41569-022-00797-4. PMID: 36316574Free PMC Article
Long-term Outcomes After Gender-Affirming Surgery: 40-Year Follow-up Study.
Park RH, Liu YT, Samuel A, Gurganus M, Gampper TJ, Corbett ST, Shahane A, Stranix JT
Ann Plast Surg 2022 Oct 1;89(4):431-436. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000003233. PMID: 36149983
Mental Health Outcomes in Transgender and Nonbinary Youths Receiving Gender-Affirming Care.
Tordoff DM, Wanta JW, Collin A, Stepney C, Inwards-Breland DJ, Ahrens K
JAMA Netw Open 2022 Feb 1;5(2):e220978. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0978. PMID: 35212746Free PMC Article
Sexual differentiation of the human hypothalamus: Relationship to gender identity and sexual orientation.
Swaab DF, Wolff SEC, Bao AM
Handb Clin Neurol 2021;181:427-443. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-820683-6.00031-2. PMID: 34238476

Recent systematic reviews

Autism Spectrum Disorder and Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence. A systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis.
Kallitsounaki A, Williams DM
J Autism Dev Disord 2023 Aug;53(8):3103-3117. Epub 2022 May 20 doi: 10.1007/s10803-022-05517-y. PMID: 35596023Free PMC Article
Mental health in transgender individuals: a systematic review.
Pinna F, Paribello P, Somaini G, Corona A, Ventriglio A, Corrias C, Frau I, Murgia R, El Kacemi S, Galeazzi GM, Mirandola M, Amaddeo F, Crapanzano A, Converti M, Piras P, Suprani F, Manchia M, Fiorillo A, Carpiniello B; Italian Working Group on LGBTQI Mental Health
Int Rev Psychiatry 2022 May-Jun;34(3-4):292-359. Epub 2022 Jul 27 doi: 10.1080/09540261.2022.2093629. PMID: 36151828
Review: Puberty blockers for transgender and gender diverse youth-a critical review of the literature.
Rew L, Young CC, Monge M, Bogucka R
Child Adolesc Ment Health 2021 Feb;26(1):3-14. Epub 2020 Dec 15 doi: 10.1111/camh.12437. PMID: 33320999
The phenomenology of gender dysphoria in adults: A systematic review and meta-synthesis.
Cooper K, Russell A, Mandy W, Butler C
Clin Psychol Rev 2020 Aug;80:101875. Epub 2020 Jun 11 doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101875. PMID: 32629301Free PMC Article
Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Lai MC, Kassee C, Besney R, Bonato S, Hull L, Mandy W, Szatmari P, Ameis SH
Lancet Psychiatry 2019 Oct;6(10):819-829. Epub 2019 Aug 22 doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30289-5. PMID: 31447415

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