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Cornelia de Lange syndrome 5(CDLS5)

MedGen UID:
763817
Concept ID:
C3550903
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: CDLS5; HDAC8-Related Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
 
Gene (location): HDAC8 (Xq13.1)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0010471
OMIM®: 300882

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) encompasses a spectrum of findings from mild to severe. Severe (classic) CdLS is characterized by distinctive facial features, growth restriction (prenatal onset; <5th centile throughout life), hypertrichosis, and upper-limb reduction defects that range from subtle phalangeal abnormalities to oligodactyly (missing digits). Craniofacial features include synophrys, highly arched and/or thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, short nasal bridge with anteverted nares, small widely spaced teeth, and microcephaly. Individuals with a milder phenotype have less severe growth, cognitive, and limb involvement, but often have facial features consistent with CdLS. Across the CdLS spectrum IQ ranges from below 30 to 102 (mean: 53). Many individuals demonstrate autistic and self-destructive tendencies. Other frequent findings include cardiac septal defects, gastrointestinal dysfunction, hearing loss, myopia, and cryptorchidism or hypoplastic genitalia. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Matthew A Deardorff  |  Sarah E Noon  |  Ian D Krantz   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a clinically heterogeneous developmental disorder characterized by malformations affecting multiple systems. Affected individuals have dysmorphic facial features, cleft palate, distal limb defects, growth retardation, and developmental delay. About 60% of patients have mutations in the NIPBL gene (608667) on chromosome 5p13 (CDLS1; 122470), and about 4 to 6% of patients have mutations in the X-linked SMC1A gene (300040) (CDLS2; 300590) (summary by Musio et al., 2006, Hoppman-Chaney et al., 2012). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of Cornelia de Lange syndrome, see 122470.  http://www.omim.org/entry/300882
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a developmental disorder that affects many parts of the body. The features of this disorder vary widely among affected individuals and range from relatively mild to severe.

Additional signs and symptoms of Cornelia de Lange syndrome can include excessive body hair (hypertrichosis), an unusually small head (microcephaly), hearing loss, and problems with the digestive tract. Some people with this condition are born with an opening in the roof of the mouth called a cleft palate.  Seizures, heart defects, and eye problems have also been reported in people with this condition.

Cornelia de Lange syndrome is characterized by slow growth before and after birth leading to short stature; intellectual disability that is usually moderate to severe; and abnormalities of bones in the arms, hands, and fingers. Most people with Cornelia de Lange syndrome also have distinctive facial features, including arched eyebrows that often meet in the middle (synophrys), long eyelashes, low-set ears, small and widely spaced teeth, and a small and upturned nose. Many affected individuals also have features similar to autism spectrum disorder, a developmental condition that affects communication and social interaction.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/cornelia-de-lange-syndrome

Clinical features

From HPO
Cryptorchidism
MedGen UID:
8192
Concept ID:
C0010417
Congenital Abnormality
Cryptorchidism, or failure of testicular descent, is a common human congenital abnormality with a multifactorial etiology that likely reflects the involvement of endocrine, environmental, and hereditary factors. Cryptorchidism can result in infertility and increases risk for testicular tumors. Testicular descent from abdomen to scrotum occurs in 2 distinct phases: the transabdominal phase and the inguinoscrotal phase (summary by Gorlov et al., 2002).
Decreased testicular size
MedGen UID:
66027
Concept ID:
C0241355
Finding
Reduced volume of the testicle (the male gonad).
Micropenis
MedGen UID:
1633603
Concept ID:
C4551492
Congenital Abnormality
Abnormally small penis. At birth, the normal penis is about 3 cm (stretched length from pubic tubercle to tip of penis) with micropenis less than 2.0-2.5 cm.
Toe syndactyly
MedGen UID:
75581
Concept ID:
C0265660
Congenital Abnormality
Webbing or fusion of the toes, involving soft parts only or including bone structure. Bony fusions are referred to as "bony" Syndactyly if the fusion occurs in a radio-ulnar axis. Fusions of bones of the toes in a proximo-distal axis are referred to as "Symphalangism".
Small hand
MedGen UID:
108279
Concept ID:
C0575802
Finding
Disproportionately small hand.
Short foot
MedGen UID:
376415
Concept ID:
C1848673
Finding
A measured foot length that is more than 2 SD below the mean for a newborn of 27 - 41 weeks gestation, or foot that is less than the 3rd centile for individuals from birth to 16 years of age (objective). Alternatively, a foot that appears disproportionately short (subjective).
Clinodactyly of the 5th finger
MedGen UID:
340456
Concept ID:
C1850049
Congenital Abnormality
Clinodactyly refers to a bending or curvature of the fifth finger in the radial direction (i.e., towards the 4th finger).
Proximal placement of thumb
MedGen UID:
356033
Concept ID:
C1865572
Finding
Proximal mislocalization of the thumb.
Limited elbow extension
MedGen UID:
401158
Concept ID:
C1867103
Finding
Limited ability to straighten the arm at the elbow joint.
Short stature
MedGen UID:
87607
Concept ID:
C0349588
Finding
A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).
Postnatal growth retardation
MedGen UID:
395343
Concept ID:
C1859778
Finding
Slow or limited growth after birth.
Truncal obesity
MedGen UID:
1637490
Concept ID:
C4551560
Finding
Obesity located preferentially in the trunk of the body as opposed to the extremities.
Feeding difficulties in infancy
MedGen UID:
436211
Concept ID:
C2674608
Finding
Impaired feeding performance of an infant as manifested by difficulties such as weak and ineffective sucking, brief bursts of sucking, and falling asleep during sucking. There may be difficulties with chewing or maintaining attention.
Gastroesophageal reflux
MedGen UID:
1368658
Concept ID:
C4317146
Finding
A condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter.
Hearing impairment
MedGen UID:
235586
Concept ID:
C1384666
Disease or Syndrome
A decreased magnitude of the sensory perception of sound.
Atypical behavior
MedGen UID:
14048
Concept ID:
C0004941
Sign or Symptom
Atypical behavior is an abnormality in a person's actions that can be controlled or modulated by the will of the individual. While abnormal behaviors can be difficult to control, they are distinct from other abnormal actions that cannot be affected by the individual's will.
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
Concept ID:
C0036572
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Happy demeanor
MedGen UID:
344654
Concept ID:
C1856115
Finding
A conspicuously happy disposition, characterized by frequent smiling and laughing, which may be contextually inappropriate or unrelated to the situation.
Ventriculomegaly
MedGen UID:
480553
Concept ID:
C3278923
Finding
An increase in size of the ventricular system of the brain.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Micrognathia
MedGen UID:
44428
Concept ID:
C0025990
Congenital Abnormality
Developmental hypoplasia of the mandible.
Retrognathia
MedGen UID:
19766
Concept ID:
C0035353
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.
Brachycephaly
MedGen UID:
113165
Concept ID:
C0221356
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality of skull shape characterized by a decreased anterior-posterior diameter. That is, a cephalic index greater than 81%. Alternatively, an apparently shortened anteroposterior dimension (length) of the head compared to width.
Generalized hypotonia
MedGen UID:
346841
Concept ID:
C1858120
Finding
Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone).
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
Concept ID:
C4551563
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
High palate
MedGen UID:
66814
Concept ID:
C0240635
Congenital Abnormality
Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).
Telecanthus
MedGen UID:
140836
Concept ID:
C0423113
Finding
Distance between the inner canthi more than two standard deviations above the mean (objective); or, apparently increased distance between the inner canthi.
Broad nasal tip
MedGen UID:
98424
Concept ID:
C0426429
Finding
Increase in width of the nasal tip.
Short neck
MedGen UID:
99267
Concept ID:
C0521525
Finding
Diminished length of the neck.
Thin vermilion border
MedGen UID:
108294
Concept ID:
C0578038
Finding
Height of the vermilion of the medial part of the lip more than 2 SD below the mean, or apparently reduced height of the vermilion of the lip in the frontal view. The vermilion is the red part of the lips (and confusingly, the vermilion itself is also often referred to as being equivalent the lips).
Depressed nasal bridge
MedGen UID:
373112
Concept ID:
C1836542
Finding
Posterior positioning of the nasal root in relation to the overall facial profile for age.
Anteverted nares
MedGen UID:
326648
Concept ID:
C1840077
Finding
Anteriorly-facing nostrils viewed with the head in the Frankfurt horizontal and the eyes of the observer level with the eyes of the subject. This gives the appearance of an upturned nose (upturned nasal tip).
Low anterior hairline
MedGen UID:
331280
Concept ID:
C1842366
Finding
Distance between the hairline (trichion) and the glabella (the most prominent point on the frontal bone above the root of the nose), in the midline, more than two SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased distance between the hairline and the glabella.
Widely spaced teeth
MedGen UID:
337093
Concept ID:
C1844813
Finding
Increased spaces (diastemata) between most of the teeth in the same dental arch.
Prominent nasal bridge
MedGen UID:
343051
Concept ID:
C1854113
Finding
Anterior positioning of the nasal root in comparison to the usual positioning for age.
Long philtrum
MedGen UID:
351278
Concept ID:
C1865014
Finding
Distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border more than 2 SD above the mean. Alternatively, an apparently increased distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border.
Downturned corners of mouth
MedGen UID:
356471
Concept ID:
C1866195
Anatomical Abnormality
A morphological abnormality of the mouth in which the angle of the mouth is downturned. The oral commissures are positioned inferior to the midline labial fissure.
Highly arched eyebrow
MedGen UID:
358357
Concept ID:
C1868571
Finding
Increased height of the central portion of the eyebrow, forming a crescent, semicircular, or inverted U shape.
Cleft palate
MedGen UID:
756015
Concept ID:
C2981150
Congenital Abnormality
Cleft palate is a developmental defect of the palate resulting from a failure of fusion of the palatine processes and manifesting as a separation of the roof of the mouth (soft and hard palate).
Hirsutism
MedGen UID:
42461
Concept ID:
C0019572
Disease or Syndrome
Abnormally increased hair growth referring to a male pattern of body hair (androgenic hair).
Nevus
MedGen UID:
45074
Concept ID:
C0027960
Neoplastic Process
A nevus is a type of hamartoma that is a circumscribed stable malformation of the skin.
Cutis marmorata
MedGen UID:
78093
Concept ID:
C0263401
Disease or Syndrome
A reticular discoloration of the skin with cyanotic (reddish-blue appearing) areas surrounding pale central areas due to dilation of capillary blood vessels and stagnation of blood within the vessels. Cutis marmorata generally occurs on the legs, arms and trunk and is often more severe in cold weather.
Synophrys
MedGen UID:
98132
Concept ID:
C0431447
Congenital Abnormality
Meeting of the medial eyebrows in the midline.
Long eyelashes
MedGen UID:
342955
Concept ID:
C1853738
Finding
Mid upper eyelash length >10 mm or increased length of the eyelashes (subjective).
Hypogonadism
MedGen UID:
5711
Concept ID:
C0020619
Disease or Syndrome
A decreased functionality of the gonad.
Ptosis
MedGen UID:
2287
Concept ID:
C0005745
Disease or Syndrome
The upper eyelid margin is positioned 3 mm or more lower than usual and covers the superior portion of the iris (objective); or, the upper lid margin obscures at least part of the pupil (subjective).
Hypertelorism
MedGen UID:
9373
Concept ID:
C0020534
Finding
Although hypertelorism means an excessive distance between any paired organs (e.g., the nipples), the use of the word has come to be confined to ocular hypertelorism. Hypertelorism occurs as an isolated feature and is also a feature of many syndromes, e.g., Opitz G syndrome (see 300000), Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (175700), and Noonan syndrome (163950) (summary by Cohen et al., 1995).
Myopia
MedGen UID:
44558
Concept ID:
C0027092
Disease or Syndrome
Nearsightedness, also known as myopia, is an eye condition that causes blurry distance vision. People who are nearsighted have more trouble seeing things that are far away (such as when driving) than things that are close up (such as when reading or using a computer). If it is not treated with corrective lenses or surgery, nearsightedness can lead to squinting, eyestrain, headaches, and significant visual impairment.\n\nNearsightedness usually begins in childhood or adolescence. It tends to worsen with age until adulthood, when it may stop getting worse (stabilize). In some people, nearsightedness improves in later adulthood.\n\nFor normal vision, light passes through the clear cornea at the front of the eye and is focused by the lens onto the surface of the retina, which is the lining of the back of the eye that contains light-sensing cells. People who are nearsighted typically have eyeballs that are too long from front to back. As a result, light entering the eye is focused too far forward, in front of the retina instead of on its surface. It is this change that causes distant objects to appear blurry. The longer the eyeball is, the farther forward light rays will be focused and the more severely nearsighted a person will be.\n\nNearsightedness is measured by how powerful a lens must be to correct it. The standard unit of lens power is called a diopter. Negative (minus) powered lenses are used to correct nearsightedness. The more severe a person's nearsightedness, the larger the number of diopters required for correction. In an individual with nearsightedness, one eye may be more nearsighted than the other.\n\nEye doctors often refer to nearsightedness less than -5 or -6 diopters as "common myopia." Nearsightedness of -6 diopters or more is commonly called "high myopia." This distinction is important because high myopia increases a person's risk of developing other eye problems that can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness. These problems include tearing and detachment of the retina, clouding of the lens (cataract), and an eye disease called glaucoma that is usually related to increased pressure within the eye. The risk of these other eye problems increases with the severity of the nearsightedness. The term "pathological myopia" is used to describe cases in which high myopia leads to tissue damage within the eye.
Deeply set eye
MedGen UID:
473112
Concept ID:
C0423224
Finding
An eye that is more deeply recessed into the plane of the face than is typical.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Gallagher D, Pérez-Palma E, Bruenger T, Ghanty I, Brilstra E, Ceulemans B, Chemaly N, de Lange I, Depienne C, Guerrini R, Mei D, Møller RS, Nabbout R, Regan BM, Schneider AL, Scheffer IE, Schoonjans AS, Symonds JD, Weckhuysen S, Zuberi SM, Lal D, Brunklaus A
Epilepsia 2024 Apr;65(4):1046-1059. Epub 2024 Feb 27 doi: 10.1111/epi.17882. PMID: 38410936
Thellier E, Levaillant JM, Roume J, Quarello E, Bault JP
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017 May;49(5):668-670. doi: 10.1002/uog.15788. PMID: 26480950
Mannini L, Cucco F, Quarantotti V, Krantz ID, Musio A
Hum Mutat 2013 Dec;34(12):1589-96. Epub 2013 Sep 16 doi: 10.1002/humu.22430. PMID: 24038889Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Therapy

Llovet JM, Kudo M, Merle P, Meyer T, Qin S, Ikeda M, Xu R, Edeline J, Ryoo BY, Ren Z, Masi G, Kwiatkowski M, Lim HY, Kim JH, Breder V, Kumada H, Cheng AL, Galle PR, Kaneko S, Wang A, Mody K, Dutcus C, Dubrovsky L, Siegel AB, Finn RS; LEAP-002 Investigators
Lancet Oncol 2023 Dec;24(12):1399-1410. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00469-2. PMID: 38039993
Sanchez AC, Thren ED, Iovine MK, Skibbens RV
Cell Cycle 2022 Mar;21(5):501-513. Epub 2022 Jan 6 doi: 10.1080/15384101.2021.2023304. PMID: 34989322Free PMC Article
Hu Y, Caldwell KJ, Onciu M, Federico SM, Salek M, Lewis S, Lei S, Zhang J, Nichols KE, Takemoto CM, Triplett BM, Farrar JE, Rubnitz JE, Ribeiro RC, Wlodarski MW
Blood Adv 2022 Jan 25;6(2):521-527. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006139. PMID: 34710216Free PMC Article
Writing Committee for the PROBESE Collaborative Group of the PROtective VEntilation Network (PROVEnet) for the Clinical Trial Network of the European Society of Anaesthesiology, Bluth T, Serpa Neto A, Schultz MJ, Pelosi P, Gama de Abreu M; PROBESE Collaborative Group, Bluth T, Bobek I, Canet JC, Cinnella G, de Baerdemaeker L, Gama de Abreu M, Gregoretti C, Hedenstierna G, Hemmes SNT, Hiesmayr M, Hollmann MW, Jaber S, Laffey J, Licker MJ, Markstaller K, Matot I, Mills GH, Mulier JP, Pelosi P, Putensen C, Rossaint R, Schmitt J, Schultz MJ, Senturk M, Serpa Neto A, Severgnini P, Sprung J, Vidal Melo MF, Wrigge H
JAMA 2019 Jun 18;321(23):2292-2305. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.7505. PMID: 31157366Free PMC Article
Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, Hakim JG, Kumwenda J, Grinsztejn B, Pilotto JH, Godbole SV, Chariyalertsak S, Santos BR, Mayer KH, Hoffman IF, Eshleman SH, Piwowar-Manning E, Cottle L, Zhang XC, Makhema J, Mills LA, Panchia R, Faesen S, Eron J, Gallant J, Havlir D, Swindells S, Elharrar V, Burns D, Taha TE, Nielsen-Saines K, Celentano DD, Essex M, Hudelson SE, Redd AD, Fleming TR; HPTN 052 Study Team
N Engl J Med 2016 Sep 1;375(9):830-9. Epub 2016 Jul 18 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1600693. PMID: 27424812Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Gallagher D, Pérez-Palma E, Bruenger T, Ghanty I, Brilstra E, Ceulemans B, Chemaly N, de Lange I, Depienne C, Guerrini R, Mei D, Møller RS, Nabbout R, Regan BM, Schneider AL, Scheffer IE, Schoonjans AS, Symonds JD, Weckhuysen S, Zuberi SM, Lal D, Brunklaus A
Epilepsia 2024 Apr;65(4):1046-1059. Epub 2024 Feb 27 doi: 10.1111/epi.17882. PMID: 38410936
Brunklaus A, Pérez-Palma E, Ghanty I, Xinge J, Brilstra E, Ceulemans B, Chemaly N, de Lange I, Depienne C, Guerrini R, Mei D, Møller RS, Nabbout R, Regan BM, Schneider AL, Scheffer IE, Schoonjans AS, Symonds JD, Weckhuysen S, Kattan MW, Zuberi SM, Lal D
Neurology 2022 Mar 15;98(11):e1163-e1174. Epub 2022 Jan 24 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200028. PMID: 35074891Free PMC Article
Gupta VS, Khan AM, Ebanks AH, Lally PA, Lally KP, Harting MT; Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group
J Pediatr Surg 2021 Apr;56(4):697-699. Epub 2020 Jun 11 doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.06.003. PMID: 32762940
Writing Committee for the PROBESE Collaborative Group of the PROtective VEntilation Network (PROVEnet) for the Clinical Trial Network of the European Society of Anaesthesiology, Bluth T, Serpa Neto A, Schultz MJ, Pelosi P, Gama de Abreu M; PROBESE Collaborative Group, Bluth T, Bobek I, Canet JC, Cinnella G, de Baerdemaeker L, Gama de Abreu M, Gregoretti C, Hedenstierna G, Hemmes SNT, Hiesmayr M, Hollmann MW, Jaber S, Laffey J, Licker MJ, Markstaller K, Matot I, Mills GH, Mulier JP, Pelosi P, Putensen C, Rossaint R, Schmitt J, Schultz MJ, Senturk M, Serpa Neto A, Severgnini P, Sprung J, Vidal Melo MF, Wrigge H
JAMA 2019 Jun 18;321(23):2292-2305. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.7505. PMID: 31157366Free PMC Article
Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, Hakim JG, Kumwenda J, Grinsztejn B, Pilotto JH, Godbole SV, Chariyalertsak S, Santos BR, Mayer KH, Hoffman IF, Eshleman SH, Piwowar-Manning E, Cottle L, Zhang XC, Makhema J, Mills LA, Panchia R, Faesen S, Eron J, Gallant J, Havlir D, Swindells S, Elharrar V, Burns D, Taha TE, Nielsen-Saines K, Celentano DD, Essex M, Hudelson SE, Redd AD, Fleming TR; HPTN 052 Study Team
N Engl J Med 2016 Sep 1;375(9):830-9. Epub 2016 Jul 18 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1600693. PMID: 27424812Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Brunklaus A, Pérez-Palma E, Ghanty I, Xinge J, Brilstra E, Ceulemans B, Chemaly N, de Lange I, Depienne C, Guerrini R, Mei D, Møller RS, Nabbout R, Regan BM, Schneider AL, Scheffer IE, Schoonjans AS, Symonds JD, Weckhuysen S, Kattan MW, Zuberi SM, Lal D
Neurology 2022 Mar 15;98(11):e1163-e1174. Epub 2022 Jan 24 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200028. PMID: 35074891Free PMC Article
Mohan P, Lemoine J, Trotter C, Rakova I, Billings P, Peacock S, Kao CY, Wang Y, Xia F, Eng CM, Benn P
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2022 Jan;59(1):33-39. doi: 10.1002/uog.23756. PMID: 34358384Free PMC Article
Piché J, Van Vliet PP, Pucéat M, Andelfinger G
Cell Cycle 2019 Nov;18(21):2828-2848. Epub 2019 Sep 13 doi: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1658476. PMID: 31516082Free PMC Article
Writing Committee for the PROBESE Collaborative Group of the PROtective VEntilation Network (PROVEnet) for the Clinical Trial Network of the European Society of Anaesthesiology, Bluth T, Serpa Neto A, Schultz MJ, Pelosi P, Gama de Abreu M; PROBESE Collaborative Group, Bluth T, Bobek I, Canet JC, Cinnella G, de Baerdemaeker L, Gama de Abreu M, Gregoretti C, Hedenstierna G, Hemmes SNT, Hiesmayr M, Hollmann MW, Jaber S, Laffey J, Licker MJ, Markstaller K, Matot I, Mills GH, Mulier JP, Pelosi P, Putensen C, Rossaint R, Schmitt J, Schultz MJ, Senturk M, Serpa Neto A, Severgnini P, Sprung J, Vidal Melo MF, Wrigge H
JAMA 2019 Jun 18;321(23):2292-2305. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.7505. PMID: 31157366Free PMC Article
Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, Hakim JG, Kumwenda J, Grinsztejn B, Pilotto JH, Godbole SV, Chariyalertsak S, Santos BR, Mayer KH, Hoffman IF, Eshleman SH, Piwowar-Manning E, Cottle L, Zhang XC, Makhema J, Mills LA, Panchia R, Faesen S, Eron J, Gallant J, Havlir D, Swindells S, Elharrar V, Burns D, Taha TE, Nielsen-Saines K, Celentano DD, Essex M, Hudelson SE, Redd AD, Fleming TR; HPTN 052 Study Team
N Engl J Med 2016 Sep 1;375(9):830-9. Epub 2016 Jul 18 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1600693. PMID: 27424812Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Fitzek A, Schädler J, Dietz E, Ron A, Gerling M, Kammal AL, Lohner L, Falck C, Möbius D, Goebels H, Gerberding AL, Schröder AS, Sperhake JP, Klein A, Fröb D, Mushumba H, Wilmes S, Anders S, Kniep I, Heinrich F, Langenwalder F, Meißner K, Lange P, Zapf A, Püschel K, Heinemann A, Glatzel M, Matschke J, Aepfelbacher M, Lütgehetmann M, Steurer S, Thorns C, Edler C, Ondruschka B
Sci Rep 2021 Sep 29;11(1):19342. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98499-3. PMID: 34588486Free PMC Article
Bergeron M, Chang K, Ishman SL
Laryngoscope 2020 Apr;130(4):E122-E133. Epub 2019 Jul 13 doi: 10.1002/lary.28169. PMID: 31301187
Biester K, Skipka G, Jahn R, Buchberger B, Rohde V, Lange S
BJU Int 2012 Mar;109(5):722-30. Epub 2011 Aug 22 doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10512.x. PMID: 21883855
Braun N, Schmutzler F, Lange C, Perna A, Remuzzi G, Risler T, Willis NS
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 Jul 16;2008(3):CD003233. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003233.pub2. PMID: 18646090Free PMC Article

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