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Joubert syndrome 22(JBTS22)

MedGen UID:
816608
Concept ID:
C3810278
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: JBTS22
 
Gene (location): PDE6D (2q37.1)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0014297
OMIM®: 615665

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Joubert Syndrome
Classic Joubert syndrome (JS) is characterized by three primary findings: A distinctive cerebellar and brain stem malformation called the molar tooth sign (MTS). Hypotonia. Developmental delays. Often these findings are accompanied by episodic tachypnea or apnea and/or atypical eye movements. In general, the breathing abnormalities improve with age, truncal ataxia develops over time, and acquisition of gross motor milestones is delayed. Cognitive abilities are variable, ranging from severe intellectual disability to normal. Additional findings can include retinal dystrophy, renal disease, ocular colobomas, occipital encephalocele, hepatic fibrosis, polydactyly, oral hamartomas, and endocrine abnormalities. Both intra- and interfamilial variation are seen. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Melissa Parisi  |  Ian Glass   view full author information

Clinical features

From HPO
Renal hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
120571
Concept ID:
C0266295
Congenital Abnormality
Hypoplasia of the kidney.
Postaxial hand polydactyly
MedGen UID:
609221
Concept ID:
C0431904
Congenital Abnormality
Supernumerary digits located at the ulnar side of the hand (that is, on the side with the fifth finger).
Postaxial foot polydactyly
MedGen UID:
384489
Concept ID:
C2112129
Finding
Polydactyly of the foot most commonly refers to the presence of six toes on one foot. Postaxial polydactyly affects the lateral ray and the duplication may range from a well-formed articulated digit to a rudimentary digit.
2-3 toe syndactyly
MedGen UID:
1645640
Concept ID:
C4551570
Congenital Abnormality
Syndactyly with fusion of toes two and three.
Fetal growth restriction
MedGen UID:
4693
Concept ID:
C0015934
Pathologic Function
An abnormal restriction of fetal growth with fetal weight below the tenth percentile for gestational age.
Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum
MedGen UID:
138005
Concept ID:
C0344482
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the corpus callosum.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Molar tooth sign on MRI
MedGen UID:
400670
Concept ID:
C1865060
Finding
An abnormal appearance of the midbrain in axial magnetic resonance imaging in which the elongated superior cerebellar peduncles give the midbrain an appearance reminiscent of a molar or wisdom tooth.
Oculomotor apraxia
MedGen UID:
483686
Concept ID:
C3489733
Disease or Syndrome
Ocular motor apraxia is a deficiency in voluntary, horizontal, lateral, fast eye movements (saccades) with retention of slow pursuit movements. The inability to follow objects visually is often compensated by head movements. There may be decreased smooth pursuit, and cancelation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex.
Temporal cortical atrophy
MedGen UID:
870489
Concept ID:
C4024936
Disease or Syndrome
Atrophy of the temporal cortex.
Agenesis of cerebellar vermis
MedGen UID:
1768774
Concept ID:
C5437781
Congenital Abnormality
Congenital absence of the vermis of cerebellum.
Generalized hypotonia
MedGen UID:
346841
Concept ID:
C1858120
Finding
Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone).
Abnormal facial shape
MedGen UID:
98409
Concept ID:
C0424503
Finding
An abnormal morphology (form) of the face or its components.
Congenital ocular coloboma
MedGen UID:
1046
Concept ID:
C0009363
Congenital Abnormality
Coloboma is an eye abnormality that occurs before birth. Colobomas are missing pieces of tissue in structures that form the eye. They may appear as notches or gaps in one of several parts of the eye, including the colored part of the eye called the iris; the retina, which is the specialized light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye; the blood vessel layer under the retina called the choroid; or the optic nerves, which carry information from the eyes to the brain.\n\nColobomas may be present in one or both eyes and, depending on their size and location, can affect a person's vision. Colobomas affecting the iris, which result in a "keyhole" appearance of the pupil, generally do not lead to vision loss. Colobomas involving the retina result in vision loss in specific parts of the visual field. Large retinal colobomas or those affecting the optic nerve can cause low vision, which means vision loss that cannot be completely corrected with glasses or contact lenses.\n\nSome people with coloboma also have a condition called microphthalmia. In this condition, one or both eyeballs are abnormally small. In some affected individuals, the eyeball may appear to be completely missing; however, even in these cases some remaining eye tissue is generally present. Such severe microphthalmia should be distinguished from another condition called anophthalmia, in which no eyeball forms at all. However, the terms anophthalmia and severe microphthalmia are often used interchangeably. Microphthalmia may or may not result in significant vision loss.\n\nPeople with coloboma may also have other eye abnormalities, including clouding of the lens of the eye (cataract), increased pressure inside the eye (glaucoma) that can damage the optic nerve, vision problems such as nearsightedness (myopia), involuntary back-and-forth eye movements (nystagmus), or separation of the retina from the back of the eye (retinal detachment).\n\nColobomas involving the eyeball should be distinguished from gaps that occur in the eyelids. While these eyelid gaps are also called colobomas, they arise from abnormalities in different structures during early development.\n\nSome individuals have coloboma as part of a syndrome that affects other organs and tissues in the body. These forms of the condition are described as syndromic. When coloboma occurs by itself, it is described as nonsyndromic or isolated.
Microphthalmia
MedGen UID:
10033
Concept ID:
C0026010
Congenital Abnormality
Microphthalmia is an eye abnormality that arises before birth. In this condition, one or both eyeballs are abnormally small. In some affected individuals, the eyeball may appear to be completely missing; however, even in these cases some remaining eye tissue is generally present. Such severe microphthalmia should be distinguished from another condition called anophthalmia, in which no eyeball forms at all. However, the terms anophthalmia and severe microphthalmia are often used interchangeably. Microphthalmia may or may not result in significant vision loss.\n\nPeople with microphthalmia may also have a condition called coloboma. Colobomas are missing pieces of tissue in structures that form the eye. They may appear as notches or gaps in the colored part of the eye called the iris; the retina, which is the specialized light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye; the blood vessel layer under the retina called the choroid; or in the optic nerves, which carry information from the eyes to the brain. Colobomas may be present in one or both eyes and, depending on their size and location, can affect a person's vision.\n\nPeople with microphthalmia may also have other eye abnormalities, including clouding of the lens of the eye (cataract) and a narrowed opening of the eye (narrowed palpebral fissure). Additionally, affected individuals may have an abnormality called microcornea, in which the clear front covering of the eye (cornea) is small and abnormally curved.\n\nBetween one-third and one-half of affected individuals have microphthalmia as part of a syndrome that affects other organs and tissues in the body. These forms of the condition are described as syndromic. When microphthalmia occurs by itself, it is described as nonsyndromic or isolated.
Retinal dysplasia
MedGen UID:
48433
Concept ID:
C0035313
Congenital Abnormality
The presence of developmental dysplasia of the retina.
Undetectable electroretinogram
MedGen UID:
383742
Concept ID:
C1855685
Finding
Lack of any response to stimulation upon electroretinography.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Krajden Haratz K, Oliveira Szejnfeld P, Govindaswamy M, Leibovitz Z, Gindes L, Severino M, Rossi A, Paladini D, Garcia Rodriguez R, Ben-Sira L, Borkowski Tillman T, Gupta R, Lotem G, Raz N, Hamamoto TENK, Kidron D, Arad A, Birnbaum R, Brussilov M, Pomar L, Vial Y, Leventer RJ, McGillivray G, Fink M, Krzeszowski W, Fernandes Moron A, Lev D, Tamarkin M, Shalev J, Har Toov J, Lerman-Sagie T, Malinger G
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2021 Dec;58(6):864-874. doi: 10.1002/uog.23660. PMID: 33942916
Haratz KK, Lerman-Sagie T
Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2018 Nov;22(6):1016-1026. Epub 2018 Jul 6 doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.06.011. PMID: 30448280
Yamasaki M, Nonaka M, Bamba Y, Teramoto C, Ban C, Pooh RK
Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2012 Dec;17(6):330-5. Epub 2012 Oct 23 doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2012.07.004. PMID: 23089488

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Aksu Uzunhan T, Ertürk B, Aydın K, Ayaz A, Altunoğlu U, Yarar MH, Gezdirici A, İçağasıoğlu DF, Gökpınar İli E, Uyanık B, Eser M, Kutbay YB, Topçu Y, Kılıç B, Bektaş G, Arduç Akçay A, Ekici B, Chousein A, Avcı Ş, Yüksel A, Kayserili H
Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2023 Jan;224:107560. Epub 2022 Dec 13 doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107560. PMID: 36580738
Zhu T, Shen Y, Sun Z, Han X, Wei X, Li W, Lu C, Cheng T, Zou X, Li H, Cao Z, Gao H, Ma X, Luo M, Sui R
Am J Ophthalmol 2023 Apr;248:96-106. Epub 2022 Dec 7 doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.11.023. PMID: 36493848
Simonini C, Floeck A, Strizek B, Mueller A, Gembruch U, Geipel A
Arch Gynecol Obstet 2022 Jul;306(1):71-83. Epub 2021 Oct 1 doi: 10.1007/s00404-021-06265-7. PMID: 34596737Free PMC Article
Radha Rama Devi A, Naushad SM, Lingappa L
Pediatr Neurol 2020 May;106:43-49. Epub 2020 Feb 4 doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.01.012. PMID: 32139166
Hodgkins PR, Harris CM, Shawkat FS, Thompson DA, Chong K, Timms C, Russell-Eggitt I, Taylor DS, Kriss A
Dev Med Child Neurol 2004 Oct;46(10):694-9. doi: 10.1017/s0012162204001161. PMID: 15473174

Diagnosis

Aksu Uzunhan T, Ertürk B, Aydın K, Ayaz A, Altunoğlu U, Yarar MH, Gezdirici A, İçağasıoğlu DF, Gökpınar İli E, Uyanık B, Eser M, Kutbay YB, Topçu Y, Kılıç B, Bektaş G, Arduç Akçay A, Ekici B, Chousein A, Avcı Ş, Yüksel A, Kayserili H
Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2023 Jan;224:107560. Epub 2022 Dec 13 doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107560. PMID: 36580738
Zhu T, Shen Y, Sun Z, Han X, Wei X, Li W, Lu C, Cheng T, Zou X, Li H, Cao Z, Gao H, Ma X, Luo M, Sui R
Am J Ophthalmol 2023 Apr;248:96-106. Epub 2022 Dec 7 doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.11.023. PMID: 36493848
Simonini C, Floeck A, Strizek B, Mueller A, Gembruch U, Geipel A
Arch Gynecol Obstet 2022 Jul;306(1):71-83. Epub 2021 Oct 1 doi: 10.1007/s00404-021-06265-7. PMID: 34596737Free PMC Article
Radha Rama Devi A, Naushad SM, Lingappa L
Pediatr Neurol 2020 May;106:43-49. Epub 2020 Feb 4 doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.01.012. PMID: 32139166
Haratz KK, Lerman-Sagie T
Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2018 Nov;22(6):1016-1026. Epub 2018 Jul 6 doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.06.011. PMID: 30448280

Therapy

Saleem SN, Zaki MS
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2010 Mar;31(3):424-9. Epub 2009 Nov 26 doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A1867. PMID: 19942698Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Ma DJ, Lee HS, Kim K, Choi S, Jang I, Cho SH, Yoon CK, Lee EK, Yu HG
BMC Med Genomics 2021 Mar 10;14(1):74. doi: 10.1186/s12920-021-00874-6. PMID: 33691693Free PMC Article
Zhu L, Xie L
Medicine (Baltimore) 2017 Dec;96(51):e8626. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000008626. PMID: 29390414Free PMC Article
Fleming LR, Doherty DA, Parisi MA, Glass IA, Bryant J, Fischer R, Turkbey B, Choyke P, Daryanani K, Vemulapalli M, Mullikin JC, Malicdan MC, Vilboux T, Sayer JA, Gahl WA, Gunay-Aygun M
Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2017 Dec 7;12(12):1962-1973. Epub 2017 Nov 16 doi: 10.2215/CJN.05660517. PMID: 29146704Free PMC Article
Kroes HY, Monroe GR, van der Zwaag B, Duran KJ, de Kovel CG, van Roosmalen MJ, Harakalova M, Nijman IJ, Kloosterman WP, Giles RH, Knoers NV, van Haaften G
Eur J Hum Genet 2016 Feb;24(2):214-20. Epub 2015 Apr 29 doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.84. PMID: 25920555Free PMC Article
Hodgkins PR, Harris CM, Shawkat FS, Thompson DA, Chong K, Timms C, Russell-Eggitt I, Taylor DS, Kriss A
Dev Med Child Neurol 2004 Oct;46(10):694-9. doi: 10.1017/s0012162204001161. PMID: 15473174

Clinical prediction guides

Aksu Uzunhan T, Ertürk B, Aydın K, Ayaz A, Altunoğlu U, Yarar MH, Gezdirici A, İçağasıoğlu DF, Gökpınar İli E, Uyanık B, Eser M, Kutbay YB, Topçu Y, Kılıç B, Bektaş G, Arduç Akçay A, Ekici B, Chousein A, Avcı Ş, Yüksel A, Kayserili H
Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2023 Jan;224:107560. Epub 2022 Dec 13 doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107560. PMID: 36580738
Simonini C, Floeck A, Strizek B, Mueller A, Gembruch U, Geipel A
Arch Gynecol Obstet 2022 Jul;306(1):71-83. Epub 2021 Oct 1 doi: 10.1007/s00404-021-06265-7. PMID: 34596737Free PMC Article
Ma DJ, Lee HS, Kim K, Choi S, Jang I, Cho SH, Yoon CK, Lee EK, Yu HG
BMC Med Genomics 2021 Mar 10;14(1):74. doi: 10.1186/s12920-021-00874-6. PMID: 33691693Free PMC Article
Radha Rama Devi A, Naushad SM, Lingappa L
Pediatr Neurol 2020 May;106:43-49. Epub 2020 Feb 4 doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.01.012. PMID: 32139166
Baala L, Romano S, Khaddour R, Saunier S, Smith UM, Audollent S, Ozilou C, Faivre L, Laurent N, Foliguet B, Munnich A, Lyonnet S, Salomon R, Encha-Razavi F, Gubler MC, Boddaert N, de Lonlay P, Johnson CA, Vekemans M, Antignac C, Attie-Bitach T
Am J Hum Genet 2007 Jan;80(1):186-94. Epub 2006 Nov 15 doi: 10.1086/510499. PMID: 17160906Free PMC Article

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