Severe distention of the kidney with dilation of the renal pelvis and calices.

A unilateral form of agenesis of the kidney.

Webbing or fusion of the fingers or toes, involving soft parts only or including bone structure. Bony fusions are referred to as "bony" syndactyly if the fusion occurs in a radio-ulnar axis. Fusions of bones of the fingers or toes in a proximo-distal axis are referred to as "symphalangism".

Webbing or fusion of the fingers, involving soft parts only or including bone structure. Bony fusions are referred to as "bony" Syndactyly if the fusion occurs in a radio-ulnar axis. Fusions of bones of the fingers in a proximo-distal axis are referred to as "Symphalangism".

The distal and proximal transverse palmar creases are merged into a single transverse palmar crease.

Syndactyly with fusion of toes four and five.

Aplasia of a toe. That is, absence of all phalanges of a non-hallux digit of the foot and the associated soft tissues.

Absence of the middle phalanx of the index (2nd) finger.

Absence of the middle phalanx of the middle (3rd) finger.

Syndactyly with fusion of fingers two to five.

Absence of the distal phalanx of the middle (3rd) finger.

An anomaly of the intra-atrial or intraventricular septum.

The presence of only one working lower chamber in the heart, usually with a virtual absence of the ventricular septum and usually present in conjunction with double inlet left or right ventricle.

A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).

Intrauterine growth retardation that is at least 2 standard deviations (SD) below average, but not as low as 3 SD, corrected for sex and gestational age.

A decreased magnitude of the sensory perception of sound.

Mild intellectual disability is defined as an intelligence quotient (IQ) in the range of 50-69.

Absence or underdevelopment of tissue in the central nervous system.

Protrusion of abdominal contents through a defect in the abdominal wall musculature around the umbilicus. Skin and subcutaneous tissue overlie the defect.

Developmental hypoplasia of the mandible.

The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

A flexion contracture is a bent (flexed) joint that cannot be straightened actively or passively. It is thus a chronic loss of joint motion due to structural changes in muscle, tendons, ligaments, or skin that prevents normal movement of joints.

Small, underdeveloped vertebral bodies.

Reduced length of the clavicles.

Reduced rib length.

Underdeveloped scapula.

The presence of abnormal punctate (speckled, dot-like) calcifications in one or more epiphyses.

Underdevelopment of the bony pelvis.

A congenital abnormality in which the lung parenchyma is not fully developed. It may be associated with other congenital abnormalities.

A gap or groove in the upper lip. This is a congenital defect resulting from nonfusion of tissues of the lip during embryonal development.

Posterior positioning of the nasal root in relation to the overall facial profile for age.

A noncongenital process of hair loss, which may progress to partial or complete baldness.

A nevus is a type of hamartoma that is a circumscribed stable malformation of the skin.

Abnormal formation of the keratinocytes of the epidermis characterized by persistence of nuclei, incomplete formation of keratin, and moistness and swelling of the keratinocytes.

Redness of the skin, caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin.

An ichthyosiform abnormality of the skin with congenital onset.

Diffuse hypertrophy or thickening of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis (prickle cell layer of the skin).

A nail that is diminished in length and width, i.e., underdeveloped nail.

PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS) encompasses a range of clinical findings in which the core features are congenital or early-childhood onset of segmental/focal overgrowth with or without cellular dysplasia. Prior to the identification of PIK3CA as the causative gene, PROS was separated into distinct clinical syndromes based on the tissues and/or organs involved (e.g., MCAP [megalencephaly-capillary malformation] syndrome and CLOVES [congenital lipomatous asymmetric overgrowth of the trunk, lymphatic, capillary, venous, and combined-type vascular malformations, epidermal nevi, skeletal and spinal anomalies] syndrome). The predominant areas of overgrowth include the brain, limbs (including fingers and toes), trunk (including abdomen and chest), and face, all usually in an asymmetric distribution. Generalized brain overgrowth may be accompanied by secondary overgrowth of specific brain structures resulting in ventriculomegaly, a markedly thick corpus callosum, and cerebellar tonsillar ectopia with crowding of the posterior fossa. Vascular malformations may include capillary, venous, and less frequently, arterial or mixed (capillary-lymphatic-venous or arteriovenous) malformations. Lymphatic malformations may be in various locations (internal and/or external) and can cause various clinical issues, including swelling, pain, and occasionally localized bleeding secondary to trauma. Lipomatous overgrowth may occur ipsilateral or contralateral to a vascular malformation, if present. The degree of intellectual disability appears to be mostly related to the presence and severity of seizures, cortical dysplasia (e.g., polymicrogyria), and hydrocephalus. Many children have feeding difficulties that are often multifactorial in nature. Endocrine issues affect a small number of individuals and most commonly include hypoglycemia (largely hypoinsulinemic hypoketotic hypoglycemia), hypothyroidism, and growth hormone deficiency.

Hyperkeratosis is thickening of the outer layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, which is composed of large, polyhedral, plate-like envelopes filled with keratin which are the dead cells that have migrated up from the stratum granulosum.

Formation of an anuclear keratin layer

Developmental hypoplasia of the thyroid gland.

Developmental hypoplasia of the adrenal glands.