In wound repair, neovascularization (NV) involves the sprouting of new vessels from pre-existent vessels to repair or replace damaged vessels. In the retina, NV is a response to ischemia. The NV adheres to the inner surface of the retina and outer surface of the vitreous. NV are deficient in tight junctions and hence leak plasma into surrounding tissue including the vitreous. Plasma causes the vitreous gel to degenerate, contract, and eventually collapse which pulls on the retina. Since retinal NV is adherent to both retina and vitreous, as the vitreous contracts the NV may be sheared resulting in vitreous hemorrhage or the NV may remain intact and pull the retina with the vitreous resulting in retinal elevation referred to as traction retinal detachment.

An area of depressed vision located at the point of fixation and that interferes with central vision.

An anomaly in the ability to discriminate between or recognize colors.

Diminished clarity of vision.

Any abnormality of the electrical responses of various cell types in the retina as measured by electroretinography.

Drusen (singular, 'druse') are tiny yellow or white accumulations of extracellular material (lipofuscin) that build up in Bruch's membrane of the eye. This class refers to the presence of Drusen in the macula.

Atrophy (loss or wasting) of the retinal pigment epithelium observed on fundoscopy or fundus imaging.

Increased amount of autofluorescence in the macula as ascertained by fundus autofluorescence imaging.