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Immunodeficiency 28(IMD28)

MedGen UID:
862384
•Concept ID:
C4013947
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: IFNGR2 DEFICIENCY; IMD28
 
Gene (location): IFNGR2 (21q22.11)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0013953
OMIM®: 614889

Definition

IMD28 is caused by autosomal recessive (AR) IFNGR2 deficiency, a rare molecular cause of susceptibility to mycobacterial disease. The clinical presentation of complete AR IFNGR2 deficiency resembles that of complete IFNGR1 deficiency (IMD27A; 209950). The disease manifests early in life, with severe, often fatal, infection. The most commonly encountered pathogens include M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), M. avium, and M. fortuitum. Complete AR IFNGR2 deficiency is characterized by an undetectable cellular response to interferon-gamma (IFNG; 147570). There is also a rare partial form of AR IFNGR2 deficiency, reported in 1 child, who retained a residual cellular response to IFNG and presented with a relatively mild infection by M. bovis BCG and M. abscessus (review by Al-Muhsen and Casanova, 2008). [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Immunodeficiency
MedGen UID:
7034
•Concept ID:
C0021051
•
Disease or Syndrome
Failure of the immune system to protect the body adequately from infection, due to the absence or insufficiency of some component process or substance.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature
Recurrent mycobacterial infections
MedGen UID:
869021
•Concept ID:
C4023438
•
Finding
Increased susceptibility to mycobacterial infections, as manifested by recurrent episodes of mycobacterial infection.
See: Feature record | Search on this feature

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVImmunodeficiency 28

Professional guidelines

PubMed

The international WAO/EAACI guideline for the management of hereditary angioedema-The 2021 revision and update.
Maurer M, Magerl M, Betschel S, Aberer W, Ansotegui IJ, Aygören-Pürsün E, Banerji A, Bara NA, Boccon-Gibod I, Bork K, Bouillet L, Boysen HB, Brodszki N, Busse PJ, Bygum A, Caballero T, Cancian M, Castaldo A, Cohn DM, Csuka D, Farkas H, Gompels M, Gower R, Grumach AS, Guidos-Fogelbach G, Hide M, Kang HR, Kaplan AP, Katelaris C, Kiani-Alikhan S, Lei WT, Lockey R, Longhurst H, Lumry WR, MacGinnitie A, Malbran A, Martinez Saguer I, Matta JJ, Nast A, Nguyen D, Nieto-Martinez SA, Pawankar R, Peter J, Porebski G, Prior N, Reshef A, Riedl M, Ritchie B, Rafique Sheikh F, Smith WB, Spaeth PJ, Stobiecki M, Toubi E, Varga LA, Weller K, Zanichelli A, Zhi Y, Zuraw B, Craig T
Allergy 2022 Jul;77(7):1961-1990. Epub 2022 Feb 3 doi: 10.1111/all.15214. PMID: 35006617
Characterization of the clinical and immunologic phenotype and management of 157 individuals with 56 distinct heterozygous NFKB1 mutations.
Lorenzini T, Fliegauf M, Klammer N, Frede N, Proietti M, Bulashevska A, Camacho-Ordonez N, Varjosalo M, Kinnunen M, de Vries E, van der Meer JWM, Ameratunga R, Roifman CM, Schejter YD, Kobbe R, Hautala T, Atschekzei F, Schmidt RE, Schröder C, Stepensky P, Shadur B, Pedroza LA, van der Flier M, Martínez-Gallo M, Gonzalez-Granado LI, Allende LM, Shcherbina A, Kuzmenko N, Zakharova V, Neves JF, Svec P, Fischer U, Ip W, Bartsch O, Barış S, Klein C, Geha R, Chou J, Alosaimi M, Weintraub L, Boztug K, Hirschmugl T, Dos Santos Vilela MM, Holzinger D, Seidl M, Lougaris V, Plebani A, Alsina L, Piquer-Gibert M, Deyà-Martínez A, Slade CA, Aghamohammadi A, Abolhassani H, Hammarström L, Kuismin O, Helminen M, Allen HL, Thaventhiran JE, Freeman AF, Cook M, Bakhtiar S, Christiansen M, Cunningham-Rundles C, Patel NC, Rae W, Niehues T, Brauer N, Syrjänen J, Seppänen MRJ, Burns SO, Tuijnenburg P, Kuijpers TW; NIHR BioResource, Warnatz K, Grimbacher B; NIHR BioResource
J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020 Oct;146(4):901-911. Epub 2020 Apr 9 doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.051. PMID: 32278790Free PMC Article
2017 European guidelines for the management of genital herpes.
Patel R, Kennedy OJ, Clarke E, Geretti A, Nilsen A, Lautenschlager S, Green J, Donders G, van der Meijden W, Gomberg M, Moi H, Foley E
Int J STD AIDS 2017 Dec;28(14):1366-1379. Epub 2017 Aug 24 doi: 10.1177/0956462417727194. PMID: 28836892

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Immunogenicity of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine in adult patients with inborn errors of immunity.
van Leeuwen LPM, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Ellerbroek PM, de Bree GJ, Potjewijd J, Rutgers A, Jolink H, van de Veerdonk F, van Gorp ECM, de Wilt F, Bogers S, Gommers L, Geers D, Bruns AHW, Leavis HL, van Haga JW, Lemkes BA, van der Veen A, de Kruijf-Bazen SFJ, van Paassen P, de Leeuw K, van de Ven AAJM, Verbeek-Menken PH, van Wengen A, Arend SM, Ruten-Budde AJ, van der Ent MW, van Hagen PM, Sanders RW, Grobben M, van der Straten K, Burger JA, Poniman M, Nierkens S, van Gils MJ, de Vries RD, Dalm VASH
J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022 Jun;149(6):1949-1957. Epub 2022 Apr 11 doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.04.002. PMID: 35421449Free PMC Article
Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia and infection risk in pediatric patients.
Labrosse R, Barmettler S, Derfalvi B, Blincoe A, Cros G, Lacombe-Barrios J, Barsalou J, Yang N, Alrumayyan N, Sinclair J, Ong MS, Camargo CA Jr, Walter J, Haddad E
J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021 Aug;148(2):523-532.e8. Epub 2021 Apr 20 doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.041. PMID: 33862010
Immune determinants of COVID-19 disease presentation and severity.
Brodin P
Nat Med 2021 Jan;27(1):28-33. Epub 2021 Jan 13 doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-01202-8. PMID: 33442016
Depression among Youth Living with HIV/AIDS.
Benton TD, Kee Ng WY, Leung D, Canetti A, Karnik N
Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2019 Jul;28(3):447-459. Epub 2019 Apr 11 doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2019.02.014. PMID: 31076119
Hypogammaglobulinaemia.
Yong PF, Chee R, Grimbacher B
Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008 Nov;28(4):691-713, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2008.06.003. PMID: 18940570

Diagnosis

Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia and infection risk in pediatric patients.
Labrosse R, Barmettler S, Derfalvi B, Blincoe A, Cros G, Lacombe-Barrios J, Barsalou J, Yang N, Alrumayyan N, Sinclair J, Ong MS, Camargo CA Jr, Walter J, Haddad E
J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021 Aug;148(2):523-532.e8. Epub 2021 Apr 20 doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.041. PMID: 33862010
Clinical, Immunological, and Genetic Features in Patients with Activated PI3Kδ Syndrome (APDS): a Systematic Review.
Jamee M, Moniri S, Zaki-Dizaji M, Olbrich P, Yazdani R, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Aghamahdi F, Abolhassani H, Condliffe AM, Aghamohammadi A, Azizi G
Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020 Dec;59(3):323-333. doi: 10.1007/s12016-019-08738-9. PMID: 31111319
Depression among Youth Living with HIV/AIDS.
Benton TD, Kee Ng WY, Leung D, Canetti A, Karnik N
Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2019 Jul;28(3):447-459. Epub 2019 Apr 11 doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2019.02.014. PMID: 31076119
Hepatitis in AIDS patients.
Qadir MI
Rev Med Virol 2018 Jan;28(1) Epub 2017 Oct 13 doi: 10.1002/rmv.1956. PMID: 29027728
Hypogammaglobulinaemia.
Yong PF, Chee R, Grimbacher B
Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008 Nov;28(4):691-713, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2008.06.003. PMID: 18940570

Therapy

Immunogenicity of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine in adult patients with inborn errors of immunity.
van Leeuwen LPM, GeurtsvanKessel CH, Ellerbroek PM, de Bree GJ, Potjewijd J, Rutgers A, Jolink H, van de Veerdonk F, van Gorp ECM, de Wilt F, Bogers S, Gommers L, Geers D, Bruns AHW, Leavis HL, van Haga JW, Lemkes BA, van der Veen A, de Kruijf-Bazen SFJ, van Paassen P, de Leeuw K, van de Ven AAJM, Verbeek-Menken PH, van Wengen A, Arend SM, Ruten-Budde AJ, van der Ent MW, van Hagen PM, Sanders RW, Grobben M, van der Straten K, Burger JA, Poniman M, Nierkens S, van Gils MJ, de Vries RD, Dalm VASH
J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022 Jun;149(6):1949-1957. Epub 2022 Apr 11 doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.04.002. PMID: 35421449Free PMC Article
Long-term safety and efficacy of lentiviral hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell gene therapy for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.
Magnani A, Semeraro M, Adam F, Booth C, Dupré L, Morris EC, Gabrion A, Roudaut C, Borgel D, Toubert A, Clave E, Abdo C, Gorochov G, Petermann R, Guiot M, Miyara M, Moshous D, Magrin E, Denis A, Suarez F, Lagresle C, Roche AM, Everett J, Trinquand A, Guisset M, Bayford JX, Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Kauskot A, Elfeky R, Rivat C, Abbas S, Gaspar HB, Macintyre E, Picard C, Bushman FD, Galy A, Fischer A, Six E, Thrasher AJ, Cavazzana M
Nat Med 2022 Jan;28(1):71-80. Epub 2022 Jan 24 doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01641-x. PMID: 35075289Free PMC Article
Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia and infection risk in pediatric patients.
Labrosse R, Barmettler S, Derfalvi B, Blincoe A, Cros G, Lacombe-Barrios J, Barsalou J, Yang N, Alrumayyan N, Sinclair J, Ong MS, Camargo CA Jr, Walter J, Haddad E
J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021 Aug;148(2):523-532.e8. Epub 2021 Apr 20 doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.041. PMID: 33862010
Gene therapy for primary immunodeficiency.
Booth C, Romano R, Roncarolo MG, Thrasher AJ
Hum Mol Genet 2019 Oct 1;28(R1):R15-R23. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddz170. PMID: 31297531
Hypogammaglobulinaemia.
Yong PF, Chee R, Grimbacher B
Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008 Nov;28(4):691-713, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2008.06.003. PMID: 18940570

Prognosis

Immune Dysregulation in Patients With Chromosome 18q Deletions-Searching for Putative Loci for Autoimmunity and Immunodeficiency.
Hogendorf A, Zieliński M, Constantinou M, Śmigiel R, Wierzba J, Wyka K, Wędrychowicz A, Jakubiuk-Tomaszuk A, Budzynska E, Piotrowicz M, Lipska-Ziętkiewicz BS, Kaczorowska E, Cieślikowska A, Kutkowska-Kaźmierczak A, Fijak-Moskal J, Kugaudo M, Kosińska-Urbańska M, Szadkowska A, Borowiec M, Niedźwiecki M, Trzonkowski P, Młynarski W
Front Immunol 2021;12:742834. Epub 2021 Nov 17 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742834. PMID: 34867966Free PMC Article
Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia and infection risk in pediatric patients.
Labrosse R, Barmettler S, Derfalvi B, Blincoe A, Cros G, Lacombe-Barrios J, Barsalou J, Yang N, Alrumayyan N, Sinclair J, Ong MS, Camargo CA Jr, Walter J, Haddad E
J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021 Aug;148(2):523-532.e8. Epub 2021 Apr 20 doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.041. PMID: 33862010
Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.
Murray CJ, Ortblad KF, Guinovart C, Lim SS, Wolock TM, Roberts DA, Dansereau EA, Graetz N, Barber RM, Brown JC, Wang H, Duber HC, Naghavi M, Dicker D, Dandona L, Salomon JA, Heuton KR, Foreman K, Phillips DE, Fleming TD, Flaxman AD, Phillips BK, Johnson EK, Coggeshall MS, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abraham JP, Abubakar I, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Achoki T, Adeyemo AO, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Agardh EE, Akena D, Al Kahbouri MJ, Alasfoor D, Albittar MI, Alcalá-Cerra G, Alegretti MA, Alemu ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Alhabib S, Ali R, Alla F, Allen PJ, Alsharif U, Alvarez E, Alvis-Guzman N, Amankwaa AA, Amare AT, Amini H, Ammar W, Anderson BO, Antonio CA, Anwari P, Arnlöv J, Arsenijevic VS, Artaman A, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Atkins LS, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Banerjee A, Basu S, Beardsley J, Bekele T, Bell ML, Bernabe E, Beyene TJ, Bhala N, Bhalla A, Bhutta ZA, Abdulhak AB, Binagwaho A, Blore JD, Basara BB, Bose D, Brainin M, Breitborde N, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Catalá-López F, Chadha VK, Chang JC, Chiang PP, Chuang TW, Colomar M, Cooper LT, Cooper C, Courville KJ, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Dandona R, Dayama A, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Del Pozo-Cruz B, Deribe K, Des Jarlais DC, Dessalegn M, Dharmaratne SD, Dilmen U, Ding EL, Driscoll TR, Durrani AM, Ellenbogen RG, Ermakov SP, Esteghamati A, Faraon EJ, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fijabi DO, Forouzanfar MH, Fra Paleo U, Gaffikin L, Gamkrelidze A, Gankpé FG, Geleijnse JM, Gessner BD, Gibney KB, Ginawi IA, Glaser EL, Gona P, Goto A, Gouda HN, Gugnani HC, Gupta R, Gupta R, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hamadeh RR, Hammami M, Hankey GJ, Harb HL, Haro JM, Havmoeller R, Hay SI, Hedayati MT, Pi IB, Hoek HW, Hornberger JC, Hosgood HD, Hotez PJ, Hoy DG, Huang JJ, Iburg KM, Idrisov BT, Innos K, Jacobsen KH, Jeemon P, Jensen PN, Jha V, Jiang G, Jonas JB, Juel K, Kan H, Kankindi I, Karam NE, Karch A, Karema CK, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kazi DS, Kemp AH, Kengne AP, Keren A, Kereselidze M, Khader YS, Khalifa SE, Khan EA, Khang YH, Khonelidze I, Kinfu Y, Kinge JM, Knibbs L, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Defo BK, Kulkarni VS, Kulkarni C, Kumar K, Kumar RB, Kumar GA, Kwan GF, Lai T, Balaji AL, Lam H, Lan Q, Lansingh VC, Larson HJ, Larsson A, Lee JT, Leigh J, Leinsalu M, Leung R, Li Y, Li Y, De Lima GM, Lin HH, Lipshultz SE, Liu S, Liu Y, Lloyd BK, Lotufo PA, Machado VM, Maclachlan JH, Magis-Rodriguez C, Majdan M, Mapoma CC, Marcenes W, Marzan MB, Masci JR, Mashal MT, Mason-Jones AJ, Mayosi BM, Mazorodze TT, Mckay AC, Meaney PA, Mehndiratta MM, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Melaku YA, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mohammad KA, Mokdad AH, Mola GL, Monasta L, Montico M, Moore AR, Mori R, Moturi WN, Mukaigawara M, Murthy KS, Naheed A, Naidoo KS, Naldi L, Nangia V, Narayan KM, Nash D, Nejjari C, Nelson RG, Neupane SP, Newton CR, Ng M, Nisar MI, Nolte S, Norheim OF, Nowaseb V, Nyakarahuka L, Oh IH, Ohkubo T, Olusanya BO, Omer SB, Opio JN, Orisakwe OE, Pandian JD, Papachristou C, Caicedo AJ, Patten SB, Paul VK, Pavlin BI, Pearce N, Pereira DM, Pervaiz A, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Pourmalek F, Qato D, Quezada AD, Quistberg DA, Rafay A, Rahimi K, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Ur Rahman S, Raju M, Rana SM, Razavi H, Reilly RQ, Remuzzi G, Richardus JH, Ronfani L, Roy N, Sabin N, Saeedi MY, Sahraian MA, Samonte GM, Sawhney M, Schneider IJ, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Servan-Mori EE, Sheikhbahaei S, Shibuya K, Shin HH, Shiue I, Shivakoti R, Sigfusdottir ID, Silberberg DH, Silva AP, Simard EP, Singh JA, Skirbekk V, Sliwa K, Soneji S, Soshnikov SS, Sreeramareddy CT, Stathopoulou VK, Stroumpoulis K, Swaminathan S, Sykes BL, Tabb KM, Talongwa RT, Tenkorang EY, Terkawi AS, Thomson AJ, Thorne-Lyman AL, Towbin JA, Traebert J, Tran BX, Dimbuene ZT, Tsilimbaris M, Uchendu US, Ukwaja KN, Uzun SB, Vallely AJ, Vasankari TJ, Venketasubramanian N, Violante FS, Vlassov VV, Vollset SE, Waller S, Wallin MT, Wang L, Wang X, Wang Y, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Westerman R, White RA, Wilkinson JD, Williams TN, Woldeyohannes SM, Wong JQ, Xu G, Yang YC, Yano Y, Yentur GK, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Younis M, Yu C, Jin KY, El Sayed Zaki M, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Zhou M, Zhu J, Zou XN, Lopez AD, Vos T
Lancet 2014 Sep 13;384(9947):1005-70. Epub 2014 Jul 22 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60844-8. PMID: 25059949Free PMC Article
Malignancies in HIV/AIDS: from epidemiology to therapeutic challenges.
Rubinstein PG, Aboulafia DM, Zloza A
AIDS 2014 Feb 20;28(4):453-65. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000071. PMID: 24401642Free PMC Article
Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030.
Mathers CD, Loncar D
PLoS Med 2006 Nov;3(11):e442. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442. PMID: 17132052Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Digital directly observed therapy to monitor adherence to medications: a scoping review.
Stoner MCD, Maragh-Bass AC, Sukhija-Cohen AC, Saberi P
HIV Res Clin Pract 2022 Jul 18;23(1):47-60. PMID: 35904111Free PMC Article
Immune Dysregulation in Patients With Chromosome 18q Deletions-Searching for Putative Loci for Autoimmunity and Immunodeficiency.
Hogendorf A, Zieliński M, Constantinou M, Śmigiel R, Wierzba J, Wyka K, Wędrychowicz A, Jakubiuk-Tomaszuk A, Budzynska E, Piotrowicz M, Lipska-Ziętkiewicz BS, Kaczorowska E, Cieślikowska A, Kutkowska-Kaźmierczak A, Fijak-Moskal J, Kugaudo M, Kosińska-Urbańska M, Szadkowska A, Borowiec M, Niedźwiecki M, Trzonkowski P, Młynarski W
Front Immunol 2021;12:742834. Epub 2021 Nov 17 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742834. PMID: 34867966Free PMC Article
Rituximab-induced hypogammaglobulinemia and infection risk in pediatric patients.
Labrosse R, Barmettler S, Derfalvi B, Blincoe A, Cros G, Lacombe-Barrios J, Barsalou J, Yang N, Alrumayyan N, Sinclair J, Ong MS, Camargo CA Jr, Walter J, Haddad E
J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021 Aug;148(2):523-532.e8. Epub 2021 Apr 20 doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.03.041. PMID: 33862010
Prognostic factors for ARDS: clinical, physiological and atypical immunodeficiency.
Song M, Liu Y, Lu Z, Luo H, Peng H, Chen P
BMC Pulm Med 2020 Apr 23;20(1):102. doi: 10.1186/s12890-020-1131-0. PMID: 32326923Free PMC Article
New and old immunodeficiencies.
Stiehm ER
Pediatr Res 1993 Jan;33(1 Suppl):S2-7; discussion S7-8. doi: 10.1203/00006450-199305001-00007. PMID: 8433870

Recent systematic reviews

Global morbidity and mortality of central nervous system tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Navarro-Flores A, Fernandez-Chinguel JE, Pacheco-Barrios N, Soriano-Moreno DR, Pacheco-Barrios K
J Neurol 2022 Jul;269(7):3482-3494. Epub 2022 Mar 15 doi: 10.1007/s00415-022-11052-8. PMID: 35288778Free PMC Article
Non-invasive diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Senécal J, Smyth E, Del Corpo O, Hsu JM, Amar-Zifkin A, Bergeron A, Cheng MP, Butler-Laporte G, McDonald EG, Lee TC
Clin Microbiol Infect 2022 Jan;28(1):23-30. Epub 2021 Aug 28 doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.08.017. PMID: 34464734
Estimates of the global burden of cervical cancer associated with HIV.
Stelzle D, Tanaka LF, Lee KK, Ibrahim Khalil A, Baussano I, Shah ASV, McAllister DA, Gottlieb SL, Klug SJ, Winkler AS, Bray F, Baggaley R, Clifford GM, Broutet N, Dalal S
Lancet Glob Health 2021 Feb;9(2):e161-e169. Epub 2020 Nov 16 doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30459-9. PMID: 33212031Free PMC Article
Phlebotonics for venous insufficiency.
Martinez-Zapata MJ, Vernooij RW, Simancas-Racines D, Uriona Tuma SM, Stein AT, Moreno Carriles RMM, Vargas E, Bonfill Cosp X
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 Nov 3;11(11):CD003229. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003229.pub4. PMID: 33141449Free PMC Article
Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review.
Degenhardt L, Peacock A, Colledge S, Leung J, Grebely J, Vickerman P, Stone J, Cunningham EB, Trickey A, Dumchev K, Lynskey M, Griffiths P, Mattick RP, Hickman M, Larney S
Lancet Glob Health 2017 Dec;5(12):e1192-e1207. Epub 2017 Oct 23 doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30375-3. PMID: 29074409Free PMC Article

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