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Dichromacy

MedGen UID:
868906
•Concept ID:
C4023317
•
Disease or Syndrome
HPO: HP:0011518

Definition

Individuals affected by dichromacy possess only two types of cones, instead of three. [from HPO]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVDichromacy

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Can Protanopia Be Correctly Diagnosed in Clinical Practice? An Evaluation of Diagnosis by Four Screening Tests.
Davison PA, Scanlon G
Optom Vis Sci 2020 Oct;97(10):852-856. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001582. PMID: 33055513
Variety of genotypes in males diagnosed as dichromatic on a conventional clinical anomaloscope.
Neitz M, Carroll J, Renner A, Knau H, Werner JS, Neitz J
Vis Neurosci 2004 May-Jun;21(3):205-16. doi: 10.1017/s0952523804213293. PMID: 15518190Free PMC Article
Genotype-phenotype relationships in human red/green color-vision defects: molecular and psychophysical studies.
Deeb SS, Lindsey DT, Hibiya Y, Sanocki E, Winderickx J, Teller DY, Motulsky AG
Am J Hum Genet 1992 Oct;51(4):687-700. PMID: 1415215Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Cone contrast test-HD: sensitivity and specificity in red-green dichromacy and the impact of age.
Iizuka T, Kawamorita T, Handa T, Ishikawa H
J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2023 May 1;40(5):849-858. doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.480467. PMID: 37133182
Group benefit associated with polymorphic trichromacy in a Malagasy primate (Propithecus verreauxi).
Veilleux CC, Scarry CJ, Di Fiore A, Kirk EC, Bolnick DA, Lewis RJ
Sci Rep 2016 Dec 2;6:38418. doi: 10.1038/srep38418. PMID: 27910919Free PMC Article
The simple perfection of quantum correlation in human vision.
Bouman MA
Prog Neurobiol 2006 Jan;78(1):38-60. Epub 2005 Dec 27 doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.11.006. PMID: 16377059
Origin and distribution of Daltonism in Italy.
Grassivaro Gallo P, Romana L, Mangogna M, Viviani F
Am J Hum Biol 2003 Jul-Aug;15(4):566-72. doi: 10.1002/ajhb.10184. PMID: 12820198
The molecular genetics and evolution of primate colour vision.
Tovee MJ
Trends Neurosci 1994 Jan;17(1):30-7. doi: 10.1016/0166-2236(94)90032-9. PMID: 7511848

Diagnosis

Cone contrast test-HD: sensitivity and specificity in red-green dichromacy and the impact of age.
Iizuka T, Kawamorita T, Handa T, Ishikawa H
J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2023 May 1;40(5):849-858. doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.480467. PMID: 37133182
Electrodiagnosis of dichromacy.
Barboni MTS, Hauzman E, Nagy BV, Martins CMG, Aher AJ, Tsai TI, Bonci DMO, Ventura DF, Kremers J
Vision Res 2019 May;158:135-145. Epub 2019 Mar 7 doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.02.011. PMID: 30844384
An analytical model of the influence of cone sensitivity and numerosity on the Rayleigh match.
Zhaoping L, Carroll J
J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2016 Mar;33(3):A228-37. doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.33.00A228. PMID: 26974928Free PMC Article
Color preference in red-green dichromats.
Álvaro L, Moreira H, Lillo J, Franklin A
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015 Jul 28;112(30):9316-21. Epub 2015 Jul 13 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1502104112. PMID: 26170287Free PMC Article
Variations in opsin coding sequences cause x-linked cone dysfunction syndrome with myopia and dichromacy.
McClements M, Davies WI, Michaelides M, Young T, Neitz M, MacLaren RE, Moore AT, Hunt DM
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013 Feb 15;54(2):1361-9. doi: 10.1167/iovs.12-11156. PMID: 23322568Free PMC Article

Therapy

How the orientation of the color gamut of natural scenes influences color discrimination in red-green dichromacy.
Marques DN, Nascimento SMC
Vision Res 2024 Sep;222:108435. Epub 2024 Jun 17 doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108435. PMID: 38889504
The effect of pelage, background, and distance on predator detection and the evolution of primate color vision.
de Moraes PZ, Diniz P, Spyrides MHC, Pessoa DMA
Am J Primatol 2021 Feb;83(2):e23230. Epub 2021 Jan 21 doi: 10.1002/ajp.23230. PMID: 33475188
The colors of natural scenes benefit dichromats.
Pastilha RC, Linhares JMM, Gomes AE, Santos JLA, de Almeida VMN, Nascimento SMC
Vision Res 2019 May;158:40-48. Epub 2019 Feb 27 doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.02.003. PMID: 30796994
Achromatic luminance contrast sensitivity in X-linked color-deficient observers: an addition to the debate.
Janáky M, Borbély J, Benedek G, Kocsis BP, Braunitzer G
Vis Neurosci 2014 Jan;31(1):99-103. Epub 2013 Oct 8 doi: 10.1017/S0952523813000400. PMID: 24103453
The simple perfection of quantum correlation in human vision.
Bouman MA
Prog Neurobiol 2006 Jan;78(1):38-60. Epub 2005 Dec 27 doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.11.006. PMID: 16377059

Prognosis

Not just shades of grey: life is full of colour for the ocellate river stingray (Potamotrygon motoro).
Schluessel V, Rick IP, Seifert FD, Baumann C, Lee Davies WI
J Exp Biol 2021 May 1;224(9) Epub 2021 May 4 doi: 10.1242/jeb.226142. PMID: 33771913
Optimizing colour for camouflage and visibility using deep learning: the effects of the environment and the observer's visual system.
Fennell JG, Talas L, Baddeley RJ, Cuthill IC, Scott-Samuel NE
J R Soc Interface 2019 May 31;16(154):20190183. Epub 2019 May 29 doi: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0183. PMID: 31138092Free PMC Article
An analytical model of the influence of cone sensitivity and numerosity on the Rayleigh match.
Zhaoping L, Carroll J
J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2016 Mar;33(3):A228-37. doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.33.00A228. PMID: 26974928Free PMC Article
Novel form of a single X-linked visual pigment gene in a unique dichromatic color-vision defect.
Hayashi T, Kubo A, Takeuchi T, Gekka T, Goto-Omoto S, Kitahara K
Vis Neurosci 2006 May-Aug;23(3-4):411-7. doi: 10.1017/S0952523806233029. PMID: 16961974
Variety of genotypes in males diagnosed as dichromatic on a conventional clinical anomaloscope.
Neitz M, Carroll J, Renner A, Knau H, Werner JS, Neitz J
Vis Neurosci 2004 May-Jun;21(3):205-16. doi: 10.1017/s0952523804213293. PMID: 15518190Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Cone contrast test-HD: sensitivity and specificity in red-green dichromacy and the impact of age.
Iizuka T, Kawamorita T, Handa T, Ishikawa H
J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2023 May 1;40(5):849-858. doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.480467. PMID: 37133182
The colors of natural scenes benefit dichromats.
Pastilha RC, Linhares JMM, Gomes AE, Santos JLA, de Almeida VMN, Nascimento SMC
Vision Res 2019 May;158:40-48. Epub 2019 Feb 27 doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.02.003. PMID: 30796994
An analytical model of the influence of cone sensitivity and numerosity on the Rayleigh match.
Zhaoping L, Carroll J
J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2016 Mar;33(3):A228-37. doi: 10.1364/JOSAA.33.00A228. PMID: 26974928Free PMC Article
Color preference in red-green dichromats.
Álvaro L, Moreira H, Lillo J, Franklin A
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015 Jul 28;112(30):9316-21. Epub 2015 Jul 13 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1502104112. PMID: 26170287Free PMC Article
Linearity of hue cancellation in sex-linked dichromacy.
Knoblauch K, Sirovich L, Wooten BR
J Opt Soc Am A 1985 Feb;2(2):136-46. doi: 10.1364/josaa.2.000136. PMID: 3871850

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