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Abnormal clitoris morphology

MedGen UID:
871395
•Concept ID:
C4025893
•
Anatomical Abnormality
Synonyms: Abnormality of the clit; Abnormality of the clitoris
 
HPO: HP:0000056

Definition

Any structural abnormality of the clitoris. [from HPO]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Prenatal diagnosis of a case of partial monosomy/monosomy 13 mosaicism: 46,XX,r(13)(p11q33)/45,XX,-13 suspected by nuchal fold translucency increasing.
Kataoka A, Hirakawa S, Iwamoto M, Sakumura Y, Yoshinaga R, Ohba T
Kurume Med J 2011;58(4):127-30. doi: 10.2739/kurumemedj.58.127. PMID: 23047142
Treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity in spinal cord injured patients by conditional electrical stimulation.
Hansen J, Media S, Nøhr M, Biering-Sørensen F, Sinkjaer T, Rijkhoff NJ
J Urol 2005 Jun;173(6):2035-9. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000158160.11083.1b. PMID: 15879820
Arrhenoblastoma of the ovary. Presentation of a case report and a discussion of the differential diagnosis.
Radman HM, Bhagavan BS
Am J Obstet Gynecol 1970 Apr 15;106(8):1187-90. PMID: 4314521

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Corporoplasty: A simplified technique for clitoroplasty.
Barroso U Jr, Massuqueto E, Venturini BA, Rosito TE, Villalta M, Grajales LPC
Int Braz J Urol 2022 Jul-Aug;48(4):726-727. doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2022.0018. PMID: 35263057Free PMC Article
A cloacal anomaly is not a disorder of sex development.
Bischoff A, Trecartin A, Alaniz V, Hecht S, Wilcox DT, Peña A
Pediatr Surg Int 2019 Sep;35(9):985-987. Epub 2019 Jun 29 doi: 10.1007/s00383-019-04511-3. PMID: 31256297
A Study of Adolescent Female Genitalia: What is Normal?
Brodie K, Alaniz V, Buyers E, Caldwell B, Grantham E, Sheeder J, Wilcox D, Huguelet P
J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2019 Feb;32(1):27-31. Epub 2018 Sep 20 doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2018.09.007. PMID: 30244193
Surgical outcomes and complications of reconstructive surgery in the female congenital adrenal hyperplasia patient: What every endocrinologist should know.
Wang LC, Poppas DP
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017 Jan;165(Pt A):137-144. Epub 2016 Mar 16 doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.021. PMID: 26995108
Female epispadias.
Shetty MV, Bhaskaran A, Sen TK
Afr J Paediatr Surg 2011 May-Aug;8(2):215-7. doi: 10.4103/0189-6725.86066. PMID: 22005369

Diagnosis

Laparoscopy Assisted Peritoneal Pull-Through Vaginoplasty in Transgender Women.
Castanon CDG, Matic S, Bizic M, Stojanovic B, Bencic M, Grubor N, Pusica S, Korac G, Djordjevic ML
Urology 2022 Aug;166:301-302. Epub 2022 May 10 doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2022.05.001. PMID: 35550383
Corporoplasty: A simplified technique for clitoroplasty.
Barroso U Jr, Massuqueto E, Venturini BA, Rosito TE, Villalta M, Grajales LPC
Int Braz J Urol 2022 Jul-Aug;48(4):726-727. doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2022.0018. PMID: 35263057Free PMC Article
Systematization of ambiguous genitalia.
Makiyan Z
Organogenesis 2016 Oct;12(4):169-182. Epub 2016 Jul 8 doi: 10.1080/15476278.2016.1210749. PMID: 27391116Free PMC Article
Female epispadias.
Shetty MV, Bhaskaran A, Sen TK
Afr J Paediatr Surg 2011 May-Aug;8(2):215-7. doi: 10.4103/0189-6725.86066. PMID: 22005369
Female epispadias.
Shaikh N, Arif F
J Pak Med Assoc 2009 May;59(5):314-6. PMID: 19438138

Therapy

Molecular subtype and growth hormone effects on dysmorphology in Prader-Willi syndrome.
Oldzej J, Manazir J, Gold JA, Mahmoud R, Osann K, Flodman P, Cassidy SB, Kimonis VE
Am J Med Genet A 2020 Jan;182(1):169-175. Epub 2019 Nov 29 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61408. PMID: 31782896
Vaginoplasty and creating labia minora in children with disorders of sex development.
Acimi S, Bessahraoui M, Acimi MA, Abderrahmane N, Debbous L
Int Urol Nephrol 2019 Mar;51(3):395-399. Epub 2018 Dec 13 doi: 10.1007/s11255-018-2058-8. PMID: 30547360
Rhabdomyosarcoma of the clitoris.
Al-Tonbary Y, Zalata K, Sarhan M, El-Ashery R, Fouda A
Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2008 Apr-Jun;1(2):133-5. doi: 10.1016/s1658-3876(08)50045-8. PMID: 20063542
Female pseudohermaphroditism.
Bierich JR
Helv Paediatr Acta 1974;Suppl 34:87-97. PMID: 4616023
The child with ambiguous genitalia.
Hendren WH, Crawford JD
Curr Probl Surg 1972 Nov:1-64. doi: 10.1016/s0011-3840(72)80014-5. PMID: 4565144

Prognosis

The Nomogram of Clitoral Length and Width in Iranian Term and Preterm Neonates.
Alaei M, Rohani F, Norouzi E, Hematian Boroujeni N, Tafreshi RI, Salehiniya H, Soheilipour F
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020;11:297. Epub 2020 Jun 3 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00297. PMID: 32582020Free PMC Article
Restoring normal anatomy in female patients with atypical genitalia.
Baskin LS
Semin Perinatol 2017 Jun;41(4):227-231. Epub 2017 May 20 doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2017.03.011. PMID: 28535944
Surgical outcomes and complications of reconstructive surgery in the female congenital adrenal hyperplasia patient: What every endocrinologist should know.
Wang LC, Poppas DP
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017 Jan;165(Pt A):137-144. Epub 2016 Mar 16 doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.021. PMID: 26995108
Female epispadias.
Shetty MV, Bhaskaran A, Sen TK
Afr J Paediatr Surg 2011 May-Aug;8(2):215-7. doi: 10.4103/0189-6725.86066. PMID: 22005369
Genitourinary anomalies in the CHARGE association.
Ragan DC, Casale AJ, Rink RC, Cain MP, Weaver DD
J Urol 1999 Feb;161(2):622-5. PMID: 9915472

Clinical prediction guides

Ontogeny of estrogen receptors in human male and female fetal reproductive tracts.
Cunha GR, Li Y, Mei C, Derpinghaus A, Baskin LS
Differentiation 2021 Mar-Apr;118:107-131. Epub 2020 Oct 17 doi: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.10.001. PMID: 33176961Free PMC Article
The Nomogram of Clitoral Length and Width in Iranian Term and Preterm Neonates.
Alaei M, Rohani F, Norouzi E, Hematian Boroujeni N, Tafreshi RI, Salehiniya H, Soheilipour F
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020;11:297. Epub 2020 Jun 3 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00297. PMID: 32582020Free PMC Article
Cardiometabolic Risk and Female Sexuality: Focus on Clitoral Vascular Resistance.
Maseroli E, Fanni E, Cipriani S, Scavello I, Pampaloni F, Battaglia C, Fambrini M, Mannucci E, Jannini EA, Maggi M, Vignozzi L
J Sex Med 2016 Nov;13(11):1651-1661. Epub 2016 Sep 28 doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.09.009. PMID: 27692844
Clinical Features of 32 Patients with XO/XY Gonadal Dysgenesis.
Jiang JF, Tian QJ, Xue W, Deng Y, Zheng TP, Sun AJ
Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2016 Aug;38(4):411-4. doi: 10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.2016.04.008. PMID: 27594153
Opitz trigonocephaly syndrome.
Haaf T, Hofmann R, Schmid M
Am J Med Genet 1991 Sep 15;40(4):444-6. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320400413. PMID: 1746609

Recent systematic reviews

Anatomical Variations of the External Genitalia in Posterior Cloaca: Clinical Consequences of Misdiagnosis-A Systematic Review of the Literature and the ARM-Net Consortium Experience.
Carvalho C, Morandi A, Samuk I, Gine C, Gorter R, Martinez-Urrutia MJ, Vilanova-Sánchez A
Eur J Pediatr Surg 2024 Dec;34(6):482-487. Epub 2024 Jan 12 doi: 10.1055/a-2244-4551. PMID: 38216143
Genital Reconstructive Surgery in Females With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Almasri J, Zaiem F, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Tamhane SU, Iqbal AM, Prokop LJ, Speiser PW, Baskin LS, Bancos I, Murad MH
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018 Nov 1;103(11):4089-4096. doi: 10.1210/jc.2018-01863. PMID: 30272250

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