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Extravasation

MedGen UID:
8749
•Concept ID:
C0015376
•
Pathologic Function
Synonyms: Leakage; Spillage
SNOMED CT: Extravasation (76676007); Leakage (76676007); Spillage (76676007)

Definition

The leakage of body fluid or cells from the vascular system to the surrounding tissues. This process occurs either by force or as a result of a pathologic reaction (e.g., inflammation). This process may sometimes allow cancer cells to migrate from capillaries to adjacent tissues, initiating micro-metastases. [from NCI]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVExtravasation

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Management of Mucoceles, Sialoceles, and Ranulas.
Bowers EMR, Schaitkin B
Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2021 Jun;54(3):543-551. doi: 10.1016/j.otc.2021.03.002. PMID: 34024482
Guidelines for the management of extravasation.
Kim JT, Park JY, Lee HJ, Cheon YJ
J Educ Eval Health Prof 2020;17:21. Epub 2020 Jul 16 doi: 10.3352/jeehp.2020.17.21. PMID: 32668826Free PMC Article
Management of extravasation injuries: a focused evaluation of noncytotoxic medications.
Reynolds PM, MacLaren R, Mueller SW, Fish DN, Kiser TH
Pharmacotherapy 2014 Jun;34(6):617-32. Epub 2014 Jan 13 doi: 10.1002/phar.1396. PMID: 24420913

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Guidelines for the management of extravasation.
Kim JT, Park JY, Lee HJ, Cheon YJ
J Educ Eval Health Prof 2020;17:21. Epub 2020 Jul 16 doi: 10.3352/jeehp.2020.17.21. PMID: 32668826Free PMC Article
Extravasation of Noncytotoxic Drugs.
David V, Christou N, Etienne P, Almeida M, Roux A, Taibi A, Mathonnet M
Ann Pharmacother 2020 Aug;54(8):804-814. Epub 2020 Feb 13 doi: 10.1177/1060028020903406. PMID: 32054312
Safety of peripheral administration of vasopressor medications: A systematic review.
Tian DH, Smyth C, Keijzers G, Macdonald SP, Peake S, Udy A, Delaney A
Emerg Med Australas 2020 Apr;32(2):220-227. Epub 2019 Nov 7 doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.13406. PMID: 31698544
MRI and CT contrast media extravasation: A systematic review.
Heshmatzadeh Behzadi A, Farooq Z, Newhouse JH, Prince MR
Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Mar;97(9):e0055. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010055. PMID: 29489663Free PMC Article
Management of extravasation injuries: a focused evaluation of noncytotoxic medications.
Reynolds PM, MacLaren R, Mueller SW, Fish DN, Kiser TH
Pharmacotherapy 2014 Jun;34(6):617-32. Epub 2014 Jan 13 doi: 10.1002/phar.1396. PMID: 24420913

Diagnosis

Management of noncytotoxic extravasation injuries: A focused update on medications, treatment strategies, and peripheral administration of vasopressors and hypertonic saline.
Stefanos SS, Kiser TH, MacLaren R, Mueller SW, Reynolds PM
Pharmacotherapy 2023 Apr;43(4):321-337. Epub 2023 Apr 1 doi: 10.1002/phar.2794. PMID: 36938775
Extravasation Injuries of the Limbs in Neonates and Children—Development of a Treatment Algorithm.
Hackenberg RK, Kabir K, Müller A, Heydweiller A, Burger C, Welle K
Dtsch Arztebl Int 2021 Aug 23;118(33-34):547-554. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0220. PMID: 34158148Free PMC Article
Guidelines for the management of extravasation.
Kim JT, Park JY, Lee HJ, Cheon YJ
J Educ Eval Health Prof 2020;17:21. Epub 2020 Jul 16 doi: 10.3352/jeehp.2020.17.21. PMID: 32668826Free PMC Article
Extravasation of Noncytotoxic Drugs.
David V, Christou N, Etienne P, Almeida M, Roux A, Taibi A, Mathonnet M
Ann Pharmacother 2020 Aug;54(8):804-814. Epub 2020 Feb 13 doi: 10.1177/1060028020903406. PMID: 32054312
A systematic review of extravasation and local tissue injury from administration of vasopressors through peripheral intravenous catheters and central venous catheters.
Loubani OM, Green RS
J Crit Care 2015 Jun;30(3):653.e9-17. Epub 2015 Jan 22 doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.01.014. PMID: 25669592

Therapy

Peripheral intravenous catheter non-infectious complications in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Marsh N, Webster J, Ullman AJ, Mihala G, Cooke M, Chopra V, Rickard CM
J Adv Nurs 2020 Dec;76(12):3346-3362. Epub 2020 Oct 5 doi: 10.1111/jan.14565. PMID: 33016412
Extravasation of Noncytotoxic Drugs.
David V, Christou N, Etienne P, Almeida M, Roux A, Taibi A, Mathonnet M
Ann Pharmacother 2020 Aug;54(8):804-814. Epub 2020 Feb 13 doi: 10.1177/1060028020903406. PMID: 32054312
Safety of the Peripheral Administration of Vasopressor Agents.
Lewis T, Merchan C, Altshuler D, Papadopoulos J
J Intensive Care Med 2019 Jan;34(1):26-33. Epub 2017 Jan 11 doi: 10.1177/0885066616686035. PMID: 28073314
Alveolar Hemorrhage in Vasculitis (Primary and Secondary).
Nasser M, Cottin V
Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2018 Aug;39(4):482-493. Epub 2018 Nov 7 doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1668533. PMID: 30404115
A systematic review of extravasation and local tissue injury from administration of vasopressors through peripheral intravenous catheters and central venous catheters.
Loubani OM, Green RS
J Crit Care 2015 Jun;30(3):653.e9-17. Epub 2015 Jan 22 doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.01.014. PMID: 25669592

Prognosis

Follow-up strategies for patients with splenic trauma managed non-operatively: the 2022 World Society of Emergency Surgery consensus document.
Podda M, De Simone B, Ceresoli M, Virdis F, Favi F, Wiik Larsen J, Coccolini F, Sartelli M, Pararas N, Beka SG, Bonavina L, Bova R, Pisanu A, Abu-Zidan F, Balogh Z, Chiara O, Wani I, Stahel P, Di Saverio S, Scalea T, Soreide K, Sakakushev B, Amico F, Martino C, Hecker A, de'Angelis N, Chirica M, Galante J, Kirkpatrick A, Pikoulis E, Kluger Y, Bensard D, Ansaloni L, Fraga G, Civil I, Tebala GD, Di Carlo I, Cui Y, Coimbra R, Agnoletti V, Sall I, Tan E, Picetti E, Litvin A, Damaskos D, Inaba K, Leung J, Maier R, Biffl W, Leppaniemi A, Moore E, Gurusamy K, Catena F
World J Emerg Surg 2022 Oct 12;17(1):52. doi: 10.1186/s13017-022-00457-5. PMID: 36224617Free PMC Article
Extravasation Injuries of the Limbs in Neonates and Children—Development of a Treatment Algorithm.
Hackenberg RK, Kabir K, Müller A, Heydweiller A, Burger C, Welle K
Dtsch Arztebl Int 2021 Aug 23;118(33-34):547-554. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0220. PMID: 34158148Free PMC Article
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury.
Chandiramani R, Cao D, Nicolas J, Mehran R
Cardiovasc Interv Ther 2020 Jul;35(3):209-217. Epub 2020 Apr 6 doi: 10.1007/s12928-020-00660-8. PMID: 32253719
Phlebitis and infiltration: vascular trauma associated with the peripheral venous catheter.
Braga LM, Parreira PM, Oliveira ASS, Mónico LDSM, Arreguy-Sena C, Henriques MA
Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2018;26:e3002. Epub 2018 May 17 doi: 10.1590/1518-8345.2377.3002. PMID: 29791668Free PMC Article
Papular urticaria.
Stibich AS, Schwartz RA
Cutis 2001 Aug;68(2):89-91. PMID: 11534921

Clinical prediction guides

Complication of vasopressor infusion through peripheral venous catheter: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Tran QK, Mester G, Bzhilyanskaya V, Afridi LZ, Andhavarapu S, Alam Z, Widjaja A, Andersen B, Matta A, Pourmand A
Am J Emerg Med 2020 Nov;38(11):2434-2443. Epub 2020 Sep 28 doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.09.047. PMID: 33039229
Risk of Major Complications After Perioperative Norepinephrine Infusion Through Peripheral Intravenous Lines in a Multicenter Study.
Pancaro C, Shah N, Pasma W, Saager L, Cassidy R, van Klei W, Kooij F, Vittali D, Hollmann MW, Kheterpal S, Lirk P
Anesth Analg 2020 Oct;131(4):1060-1065. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004445. PMID: 32925324
Safety of peripheral administration of vasopressor medications: A systematic review.
Tian DH, Smyth C, Keijzers G, Macdonald SP, Peake S, Udy A, Delaney A
Emerg Med Australas 2020 Apr;32(2):220-227. Epub 2019 Nov 7 doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.13406. PMID: 31698544
Balloon kyphoplasty versus percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture: a meta-analysis and systematic review.
Wang B, Zhao CP, Song LX, Zhu L
J Orthop Surg Res 2018 Oct 22;13(1):264. doi: 10.1186/s13018-018-0952-5. PMID: 30348192Free PMC Article
Neurogenic inflammation and its role in migraine.
Ramachandran R
Semin Immunopathol 2018 May;40(3):301-314. Epub 2018 Mar 22 doi: 10.1007/s00281-018-0676-y. PMID: 29568973

Recent systematic reviews

Peripheral intravenous catheter non-infectious complications in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Marsh N, Webster J, Ullman AJ, Mihala G, Cooke M, Chopra V, Rickard CM
J Adv Nurs 2020 Dec;76(12):3346-3362. Epub 2020 Oct 5 doi: 10.1111/jan.14565. PMID: 33016412
Safety of peripheral administration of vasopressor medications: A systematic review.
Tian DH, Smyth C, Keijzers G, Macdonald SP, Peake S, Udy A, Delaney A
Emerg Med Australas 2020 Apr;32(2):220-227. Epub 2019 Nov 7 doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.13406. PMID: 31698544
Effectiveness of insertion and maintenance bundles in preventing peripheral intravenous catheter-related complications and bloodstream infection in hospital patients: A systematic review.
Ray-Barruel G, Xu H, Marsh N, Cooke M, Rickard CM
Infect Dis Health 2019 Aug;24(3):152-168. Epub 2019 Apr 18 doi: 10.1016/j.idh.2019.03.001. PMID: 31005606
MRI and CT contrast media extravasation: A systematic review.
Heshmatzadeh Behzadi A, Farooq Z, Newhouse JH, Prince MR
Medicine (Baltimore) 2018 Mar;97(9):e0055. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010055. PMID: 29489663Free PMC Article
A systematic review of extravasation and local tissue injury from administration of vasopressors through peripheral intravenous catheters and central venous catheters.
Loubani OM, Green RS
J Crit Care 2015 Jun;30(3):653.e9-17. Epub 2015 Jan 22 doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.01.014. PMID: 25669592

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