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Severe combined immunodeficiency, autosomal recessive, T cell-negative, B cell-negative, NK cell-negative, due to adenosine deaminase deficiency

MedGen UID:
354935
Concept ID:
C1863236
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: ADA deficiency; ADA-SCID; Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency; Adenosine deaminase deficient severe combined immunodeficiency; Adenosine Deaminase-Deficient Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID); SCID DUE TO ADA DEFICIENCY, EARLY-ONSET; Severe combined immunodeficiency due to ADA deficiency; Severe combined immunodeficiency due to adenosine deaminase deficiency
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal recessive inheritance
MedGen UID:
141025
Concept ID:
C0441748
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).
 
Gene (location): ADA (20q13.12)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0007064
OMIM®: 102700
Orphanet: ORPHA277

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency is a systemic purine metabolic disorder that primarily affects lymphocyte development, viability, and function. The ADA deficiency phenotypic spectrum includes typical early-onset severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA-SCID), diagnosed in infancy (about 80% of individuals), and less severe "delayed" or "late-onset" combined immunodeficiency (ADA-CID), diagnosed in older children and adults (15%-20% of individuals). Some healthy individuals who are deficient in red blood cell ADA (termed "partial ADA deficiency") have been discovered by screening populations or relatives of individuals with ADA-SCID. Newborn screening (NBS) for SCID uses extracts from Guthrie card dried blood spots to measure T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Screening specific for ADA deficiency can also be performed by detection of elevated levels of adenosine (Ado) and deoxyadenosine (dAdo) by tandem mass spectrometry (TMS). Both techniques can identify ADA-SCID before affected infants become symptomatic. Untreated ADA-SCID presents as life-threatening opportunistic illnesses in the first weeks to months of life with poor linear growth and weight gain secondary to persistent diarrhea, extensive dermatitis, and recurrent pneumonia. Skeletal abnormalities affecting ribs and vertebra, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, hemolytic anemia, neurologic abnormalities, and transaminitis may also suggest untreated ADA-SCID. Characteristic immune abnormalities are lymphocytopenia (low numbers of T, B, and NK cells) combined with the absence of both humoral and cellular immune function. If immune function is not restored with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), gene therapy, or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), children with ADA-SCID rarely survive beyond age one to two years. NBS for SCID does not identify individuals with the ADA-CID phenotype whose TREC numbers are above the threshold values of most screening laboratories. However, ADA-CID is identified by TMS NBS since the ADA substrates Ado and dAdo are increased. As TMS NBS for Ado/dAdo is not yet widely performed, individuals with ADA-CID are more often clinically diagnosed between ages one and ten years ("delayed" onset), or less often in the second to fourth decades ("late"/"adult" onset). Because the immunologic abnormalities are less pronounced than those of ADA-SCID, infections in ADA-CID may not be life-threatening and include recurrent otitis media, sinusitis, upper respiratory infections, and human papilloma viral infections. Untreated individuals with ADA-CID can develop over time chronic pulmonary disease, autoimmunity, atopic disease with elevated immunoglobulin E, and malignancy. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Michael Hershfield  |  Teresa Tarrant   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) resulting from inherited ADA deficiency causes a variable phenotypic spectrum, the most severe being SCID presenting in infancy and usually resulting in early death. Ten to 15% of patients have a 'delayed' clinical onset by age 6 to 24 months, and a smaller percentage of patients have 'later' onset, diagnosed from ages 4 years to adulthood, showing less severe infections and gradual immunologic deterioration. Finally, 'partial' ADA deficiency occurs in a subset of immunocompetent individuals who show decreased enzyme activity in erythrocytes, but retain substantial enzyme activity ranging from 5 to 80% of normal in leukocytes and other nucleated cells (summary by Arredondo-Vega et al., 1994). ADA deficiency accounts for approximately 15% of all SCID cases and one-third of cases of autosomal recessive SCID (Hershfield, 2003).  http://www.omim.org/entry/102700
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency is a disorder that affects the immune system. Specifically, ADA deficiency impairs the development and function of immune cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are white blood cells that help the body fight infections. As a result, people with ADA deficiency often develop pneumonia, chronic diarrhea, and widespread skin rashes. Additional signs and symptoms of ADA deficiency include slow growth and developmental delays.

About 80 percent of individuals with ADA deficiency also have severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). People with SCID lack virtually all immune protection from bacteria, viruses, and fungi. They are prone to repeated and persistent infections that can be serious or life-threatening. These infections are often caused by "opportunistic" organisms that ordinarily do not cause illness in people with a normal immune system. People with ADA deficiency with SCID (ADA-SCID) typically develop health problems within the first 6 months of life. Without treatment, these babies usually do not survive past age 2.

About 15 to 20 percent of people with ADA deficiency develop health problems that begin between 1 and 10 years of age (delayed onset) or in adulthood (late onset). In people with this form of ADA deficiency (known as delayed or late-onset combined immunodeficiency or ADA-CID), the immune deficiency tends to be less severe than in people with ADA-SCID. People with ADA-CID typically have recurrent upper respiratory and ear infections. Over time, affected individuals may develop chronic lung damage, malnutrition, and other health problems.

In some individuals, ADA deficiency only impacts red blood cells. Since white blood cells are not affected, these individuals have normal immune systems. This form of the condition is known as partial ADA deficiency. Individuals with this form do not have any health problems related to the condition. They often only find out they have ADA deficiency when they undergo testing because of an affected relative or during a normal health screening.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/adenosine-deaminase-deficiency

Clinical features

From HPO
B-cell lymphoma
MedGen UID:
86953
Concept ID:
C0079731
Neoplastic Process
A type of lymphoma that originates in B-cells.
Diffuse mesangial sclerosis
MedGen UID:
78698
Concept ID:
C0268747
Disease or Syndrome
Diffuse sclerosis of the mesangium, as manifestated by diffuse mesangial matrix expansion.
Failure to thrive
MedGen UID:
746019
Concept ID:
C2315100
Disease or Syndrome
Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.
Diarrhea
MedGen UID:
8360
Concept ID:
C0011991
Sign or Symptom
Abnormally increased frequency (usually defined as three or more) loose or watery bowel movements a day.
Hepatomegaly
MedGen UID:
42428
Concept ID:
C0019209
Finding
Abnormally increased size of the liver.
Chronic diarrhea
MedGen UID:
96036
Concept ID:
C0401151
Finding
The presence of chronic diarrhea, which is usually taken to mean diarrhea that has persisted for over 4 weeks.
Motor delay
MedGen UID:
381392
Concept ID:
C1854301
Finding
A type of Developmental delay characterized by a delay in acquiring motor skills.
Growth arrest lines
MedGen UID:
1386476
Concept ID:
C1399128
Finding
Growth arrest lines are alternating transverse rings of sclerosis at the metaphysis of a long bone.
Platyspondyly
MedGen UID:
335010
Concept ID:
C1844704
Finding
A flattened vertebral body shape with reduced distance between the vertebral endplates.
Anterior rib cupping
MedGen UID:
337520
Concept ID:
C1846154
Finding
Wide, concave anterior rib end.
Horizontal inferior border of scapula
MedGen UID:
812841
Concept ID:
C3806511
Finding
A morphological abnormality of the scapula in which there is a flat (horizontal) inferior edge of the scapula. The entire scapula is said to resemble a square, leading to the designation sqaring of the scapula (in Figure 1 of PMID:24706940 the scapulae have a roughly rectangular shape).
Abnormal pelvic girdle bone morphology
MedGen UID:
866545
Concept ID:
C4020847
Anatomical Abnormality
An abnormality of the bony pelvic girdle, which is a ring of bones connecting the vertebral column to the femurs.
Recurrent pneumonia
MedGen UID:
195802
Concept ID:
C0694550
Disease or Syndrome
An increased susceptibility to pneumonia as manifested by a history of recurrent episodes of pneumonia.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
MedGen UID:
1918
Concept ID:
C0002880
Disease or Syndrome
An autoimmune form of hemolytic anemia.
Asthma
MedGen UID:
2109
Concept ID:
C0004096
Disease or Syndrome
Asthma is characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to multiple stimuli, leading to narrowing of the air passages with resultant dyspnea, cough, and wheezing.
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
MedGen UID:
2426
Concept ID:
C0006845
Disease or Syndrome
Recurrent or persistent superficial Candida infections of the skin, mucous membranes, and nails.
Eosinophilia
MedGen UID:
41824
Concept ID:
C0014457
Disease or Syndrome
Increased count of eosinophils in the blood.
Lymphopenia
MedGen UID:
7418
Concept ID:
C0024312
Disease or Syndrome
A reduced number of lymphocytes in the blood.
Pneumonia
MedGen UID:
10813
Concept ID:
C0032285
Disease or Syndrome
Inflammation of any part of the lung parenchyma.
Sinusitis
MedGen UID:
20772
Concept ID:
C0037199
Disease or Syndrome
Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses owing to a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection, allergy, or an autoimmune reaction.
Splenomegaly
MedGen UID:
52469
Concept ID:
C0038002
Finding
Abnormal increased size of the spleen.
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease
MedGen UID:
88328
Concept ID:
C0085110
Disease or Syndrome
A type of primary immune deficiency that is characterized by a more severe defect in both the T- and B-lymphocyte systems.
Decreased circulating IgA concentration
MedGen UID:
57934
Concept ID:
C0162538
Disease or Syndrome
Decreased levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA).
Increased circulating IgE concentration
MedGen UID:
116018
Concept ID:
C0236175
Finding
An abnormally increased overall level of immunoglobulin E in blood.
Decreased circulating total IgM
MedGen UID:
116095
Concept ID:
C0239989
Finding
An abnormally decreased level of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in blood.
Autoimmune thrombocytopenia
MedGen UID:
116621
Concept ID:
C0242584
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of thrombocytopenia in combination with detection of antiplatelet antibodies.
Aplasia of the thymus
MedGen UID:
146900
Concept ID:
C0685894
Congenital Abnormality
Absence of the thymus. This feature may be appreciated by the lack of a thymic shadow upon radiographic examination.
Recurrent viral infections
MedGen UID:
332357
Concept ID:
C1837066
Finding
Increased susceptibility to viral infections, as manifested by recurrent episodes of viral infection.
Recurrent bacterial infections
MedGen UID:
334943
Concept ID:
C1844383
Finding
Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, as manifested by recurrent episodes of bacterial infection.
Recurrent fungal infections
MedGen UID:
336166
Concept ID:
C1844384
Disease or Syndrome
Increased susceptibility to fungal infections, as manifested by multiple episodes of fungal infection.
B lymphocytopenia
MedGen UID:
340780
Concept ID:
C1855067
Finding
An abnormal decrease from the normal count of B cells.
Absent specific antibody response
MedGen UID:
354937
Concept ID:
C1863246
Finding
Absence of specific immunoglobulins directed against a specific antigen or microorganism.
Severe B lymphocytopenia
MedGen UID:
350238
Concept ID:
C1863715
Finding
A severe form of B lymphocytopenia in which the count of B cells is very low or absent.
Inflammatory abnormality of the skin
MedGen UID:
849741
Concept ID:
C3875321
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of inflammation of the skin. That is, an abnormality of the skin resulting from the local accumulation of fluid, plasma proteins, and leukocytes.
Decreased circulating IgG2 concentration
MedGen UID:
867187
Concept ID:
C4021545
Finding
A reduction in immunoglobulin levels of the IgG2 subclass in the blood circulation.
Skin rash
MedGen UID:
1830322
Concept ID:
C5779628
Sign or Symptom
A red eruption of the skin.
Recurrent fever
MedGen UID:
811468
Concept ID:
C3714772
Sign or Symptom
Periodic (episodic or recurrent) bouts of fever.
Reduced red cell adenosine deaminase level
MedGen UID:
868153
Concept ID:
C4022544
Finding
Decrease in the level of adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme involved in purine metabolism, within erythrocytes. ADA is involved in the catabolism of adenosine.
Adrenal cortical sclerosis
MedGen UID:
1842121
Concept ID:
C5826690
Pathologic Function
Abnormal thickening of of the outer layer (cortex) of the adrenal gland due to fibrosis.

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • Inborn disorder of purine metabolism
    • Severe combined immunodeficiency, autosomal recessive, T cell-negative, B cell-negative, NK cell-negative, due to adenosine deaminase deficiency

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