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Frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2(FTDALS2)

MedGen UID:
863085
Concept ID:
C4014648
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: CHCHD10-Related Frontotemporal Dementia/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; FTDALS2
 
Gene (location): CHCHD10 (22q11.23)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0014395
OMIM®: 615911

Definition

CHCHD10-related disorders are characterized by a spectrum of adult-onset neurologic phenotypes that can include: Mitochondrial myopathy (may also be early onset): weakness, amyotrophy, exercise intolerance. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): progressive degeneration of upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD): slowly progressive behavioral changes, language disturbances, cognitive decline, extrapyramidal signs. Late-onset spinal motor neuronopathy (SMA, Jokela type): weakness, cramps, and/or fasciculations; areflexia. Axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy: slowly progressive lower-leg muscle weakness and atrophy, small hand muscle weakness, loss of tendon reflexes, sensory abnormalities. Cerebellar ataxia: gait ataxia, kinetic ataxia (progressive loss of coordination of lower- and upper-limb movements), dysarthria/dysphagia, nystagmus, cerebellar oculomotor disorder. Because of the recent discovery of CHCHD10-related disorders and the limited number of affected individuals reported to date, the natural history of these disorders (except for SMAJ caused by the p.Gly66Val pathogenic variant) is largely unknown. [from GeneReviews]

Clinical features

From HPO
Neurogenic bladder
MedGen UID:
595
Concept ID:
C0005697
Disease or Syndrome
A type of bladder dysfunction caused by neurologic damage. Neurogenic bladder can be flaccid or spastic. Common manifestatios of neurogenic bladder are overflow incontinence, frequency, urgency, urge incontinence, and retention.
Dysphagia
MedGen UID:
41440
Concept ID:
C0011168
Disease or Syndrome
Difficulty in swallowing.
Sensorineural hearing loss disorder
MedGen UID:
9164
Concept ID:
C0018784
Disease or Syndrome
A type of hearing impairment in one or both ears related to an abnormal functionality of the cochlear nerve.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
MedGen UID:
274
Concept ID:
C0002736
Disease or Syndrome
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive disease that affects motor neurons, which are specialized nerve cells that control muscle movement. These nerve cells are found in the spinal cord and the brain. In ALS, motor neurons die (atrophy) over time, leading to muscle weakness, a loss of muscle mass, and an inability to control movement.\n\nThere are many different types of ALS; these types are distinguished by their signs and symptoms and their genetic cause or lack of clear genetic association. Most people with ALS have a form of the condition that is described as sporadic, which means it occurs in people with no apparent history of the disorder in their family. People with sporadic ALS usually first develop features of the condition in their late fifties or early sixties. A small proportion of people with ALS, estimated at 5 to 10 percent, have a family history of ALS or a related condition called frontotemporal dementia (FTD), which is a progressive brain disorder that affects personality, behavior, and language. The signs and symptoms of familial ALS typically first appear in one's late forties or early fifties. Rarely, people with familial ALS develop symptoms in childhood or their teenage years. These individuals have a rare form of the disorder known as juvenile ALS.\n\nThe first signs and symptoms of ALS may be so subtle that they are overlooked. The earliest symptoms include muscle twitching, cramping, stiffness, or weakness. Affected individuals may develop slurred speech (dysarthria) and, later, difficulty chewing or swallowing (dysphagia). Many people with ALS experience malnutrition because of reduced food intake due to dysphagia and an increase in their body's energy demands (metabolism) due to prolonged illness. Muscles become weaker as the disease progresses, and arms and legs begin to look thinner as muscle tissue atrophies. Individuals with ALS eventually lose muscle strength and the ability to walk. Affected individuals eventually become wheelchair-dependent and increasingly require help with personal care and other activities of daily living. Over time, muscle weakness causes affected individuals to lose the use of their hands and arms. Breathing becomes difficult because the muscles of the respiratory system weaken. Most people with ALS die from respiratory failure within 2 to 10 years after the signs and symptoms of ALS first appear; however, disease progression varies widely among affected individuals.\n\nApproximately 20 percent of individuals with ALS also develop FTD. Changes in personality and behavior may make it difficult for affected individuals to interact with others in a socially appropriate manner. Communication skills worsen as the disease progresses. It is unclear how the development of ALS and FTD are related. Individuals who develop both conditions are diagnosed as having ALS-FTD.\n\nA rare form of ALS that often runs in families is known as ALS-parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC). This disorder is characterized by the signs and symptoms of ALS, in addition to a pattern of movement abnormalities known as parkinsonism, and a progressive loss of intellectual function (dementia). Signs of parkinsonism include unusually slow movements (bradykinesia), stiffness, and tremors. Affected members of the same family can have different combinations of signs and symptoms.
Cerebellar ataxia
MedGen UID:
849
Concept ID:
C0007758
Disease or Syndrome
Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly).
Dysarthria
MedGen UID:
8510
Concept ID:
C0013362
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.
Babinski sign
MedGen UID:
19708
Concept ID:
C0034935
Finding
Upturning of the big toe (and sometimes fanning of the other toes) in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot. If the Babinski sign is present it can indicate damage to the corticospinal tract.
Areflexia
MedGen UID:
115943
Concept ID:
C0234146
Finding
Absence of neurologic reflexes such as the knee-jerk reaction.
Parkinsonian disorder
MedGen UID:
66079
Concept ID:
C0242422
Disease or Syndrome
Characteristic neurologic anomaly resulting from degeneration of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain, characterized clinically by shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and gait.
Frontotemporal dementia
MedGen UID:
83266
Concept ID:
C0338451
Disease or Syndrome
In general, frontotemporal dementia (FTD) refers to a clinical manifestation of the pathologic finding of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). FTD, the most common subtype of FTLD, is a behavioral variant characterized by changes in social and personal conduct with loss of volition, executive dysfunction, loss of abstract thought, and decreased speech output. A second clinical subtype of FTLD is 'semantic dementia,' characterized by specific loss of comprehension of language and impaired facial and object recognition. A third clinical subtype of FTLD is 'primary progressive aphasia' (PPA), characterized by a reduction in speech production, speech errors, and word retrieval difficulties resulting in mutism and an inability to communicate. All subtypes have relative preservation of memory, at least in the early stages. FTLD is often associated with parkinsonism or motor neuron disease (MND) resembling amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; 105400) (reviews by Tolnay and Probst, 2002 and Mackenzie and Rademakers, 2007). Mackenzie et al. (2009, 2010) provided a classification of FTLD subtypes according to the neuropathologic findings (see PATHOGENESIS below). Clinical Variability of Tauopathies Tauopathies comprise a clinically variable group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized neuropathologically by accumulation of abnormal MAPT-positive inclusions in nerve and/or glial cells. In addition to frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia, and PPA, different clinical syndromes with overlapping features have been described, leading to confusion in the terminology (Tolnay and Probst, 2002). Other terms used historically include parkinsonism and dementia with pallidopontonigral degeneration (PPND) (Wszolek et al., 1992); disinhibition-dementia-parkinsonism-amyotrophy complex (DDPAC) (Lynch et al., 1994); frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism (FLDEM) (Yamaoka et al., 1996); and multiple system tauopathy with presenile dementia (MSTD) (Spillantini et al., 1997). These disorders are characterized by variable degrees of frontal lobe dementia, parkinsonism, motor neuron disease, and amyotrophy. Other neurodegenerative disorders associated with mutations in the MAPT gene include Pick disease (172700) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP; 601104). Inherited neurodegenerative tauopathies linked to chromosome 17 and caused by mutation in the MAPT gene have also collectively been termed 'FTDP17' (Lee et al., 2001). Kertesz (2003) suggested the term 'Pick complex' to represent the overlapping syndromes of FTD, primary progressive aphasia (PPA), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), PSP, and FTD with motor neuron disease. He noted that frontotemporal dementia may also be referred to as 'clinical Pick disease' and that the term 'Pick disease' should be restricted to the pathologic finding of Pick bodies. Genetic Heterogeneity of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Mutations in several different genes can cause frontotemporal dementia and frontotemporal lobar degeneration, with or without motor neuron disease. See FTD2 (607485), caused by mutation in the GRN gene (138945) on chromosome 17q21; FTDALS7 (600795), caused by mutation in the CHMP2B gene (609512) on chromosome 3p11; inclusion body myopathy with Paget disease and FTD (IBMPFD; 167320), caused by mutation in the VCP gene (601023) on chromosome 9p13; ALS6 (608030), caused by mutation in the FUS gene (137070) on 16p11; ALS10 (612069), caused by mutation in the TARDBP gene (605078) on 1p36; and FTDALS1 (105550), caused by mutation in the C9ORF72 gene (614260) on 9p21. In 1 family with FTD, a mutation was identified in the presenilin-1 gene (PSEN1; 104311) on chromosome 14, which is usually associated with a familial form of early-onset Alzheimer disease (AD3; 607822).
Frontal lobe dementia
MedGen UID:
572577
Concept ID:
C0338455
Disease or Syndrome
Cognitive impairment
MedGen UID:
90932
Concept ID:
C0338656
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Abnormal cognition is characterized by deficits in thinking, reasoning, or remembering.
Hyporeflexia
MedGen UID:
195967
Concept ID:
C0700078
Finding
Reduction of neurologic reflexes such as the knee-jerk reaction.
Bulbar palsy
MedGen UID:
898626
Concept ID:
C4082299
Disease or Syndrome
Bulbar weakness (or bulbar palsy) refers to bilateral impairment of function of the lower cranial nerves IX, X, XI and XII, which occurs due to lower motor neuron lesion either at nuclear or fascicular level in the medulla or from bilateral lesions of the lower cranial nerves outside the brain-stem. Bulbar weakness is often associated with difficulty in chewing, weakness of the facial muscles, dysarthria, palatal weakness and regurgitation of fluids, dysphagia, and dysphonia.
Cerebral cortical atrophy
MedGen UID:
1646740
Concept ID:
C4551583
Disease or Syndrome
Atrophy of the cortex of the cerebrum.
Proximal muscle weakness
MedGen UID:
113169
Concept ID:
C0221629
Finding
A lack of strength of the proximal muscles.
Ptosis
MedGen UID:
2287
Concept ID:
C0005745
Disease or Syndrome
The upper eyelid margin is positioned 3 mm or more lower than usual and covers the superior portion of the iris (objective); or, the upper lid margin obscures at least part of the pupil (subjective).

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Pérez Palmer N, Trejo Ortega B, Joshi P
Psychiatr Clin North Am 2022 Dec;45(4):639-661. Epub 2022 Oct 14 doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2022.07.010. PMID: 36396270
Larson ST, Wilbur J
Am Fam Physician 2020 Jan 15;101(2):95-108. PMID: 31939642
Levin J, Kurz A, Arzberger T, Giese A, Höglinger GU
Dtsch Arztebl Int 2016 Feb 5;113(5):61-9. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2016.0061. PMID: 26900156Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Ma XR, Prudencio M, Koike Y, Vatsavayai SC, Kim G, Harbinski F, Briner A, Rodriguez CM, Guo C, Akiyama T, Schmidt HB, Cummings BB, Wyatt DW, Kurylo K, Miller G, Mekhoubad S, Sallee N, Mekonnen G, Ganser L, Rubien JD, Jansen-West K, Cook CN, Pickles S, Oskarsson B, Graff-Radford NR, Boeve BF, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Dickson DW, Shorter J, Myong S, Green EM, Seeley WW, Petrucelli L, Gitler AD
Nature 2022 Mar;603(7899):124-130. Epub 2022 Feb 23 doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04424-7. PMID: 35197626Free PMC Article
Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Kumfor F, Pijnenburg Y, Rohrer JD
Lancet Neurol 2022 Mar;21(3):258-272. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00341-0. PMID: 35182511
Rhinn H, Tatton N, McCaughey S, Kurnellas M, Rosenthal A
Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022 Aug;43(8):641-652. Epub 2022 Jan 15 doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.11.015. PMID: 35039149
Talbott EO, Malek AM, Lacomis D
Handb Clin Neurol 2016;138:225-38. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-802973-2.00013-6. PMID: 27637961
Bang J, Spina S, Miller BL
Lancet 2015 Oct 24;386(10004):1672-82. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00461-4. PMID: 26595641Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Kumfor F, Pijnenburg Y, Rohrer JD
Lancet Neurol 2022 Mar;21(3):258-272. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00341-0. PMID: 35182511
Masrori P, Van Damme P
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Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017 Oct 5;3:17071. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.71. PMID: 28980624
Olney NT, Spina S, Miller BL
Neurol Clin 2017 May;35(2):339-374. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2017.01.008. PMID: 28410663Free PMC Article
Bang J, Spina S, Miller BL
Lancet 2015 Oct 24;386(10004):1672-82. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00461-4. PMID: 26595641Free PMC Article

Therapy

Oki R, Izumi Y, Fujita K, Miyamoto R, Nodera H, Sato Y, Sakaguchi S, Nokihara H, Kanai K, Tsunemi T, Hattori N, Hatanaka Y, Sonoo M, Atsuta N, Sobue G, Shimizu T, Shibuya K, Ikeda K, Kano O, Nishinaka K, Kojima Y, Oda M, Komai K, Kikuchi H, Kohara N, Urushitani M, Nakayama Y, Ito H, Nagai M, Nishiyama K, Kuzume D, Shimohama S, Shimohata T, Abe K, Ishihara T, Onodera O, Isose S, Araki N, Morita M, Noda K, Toda T, Maruyama H, Furuya H, Teramukai S, Kagimura T, Noma K, Yanagawa H, Kuwabara S, Kaji R; Japan Early-Stage Trial of Ultrahigh-Dose Methylcobalamin for ALS (JETALS) Collaborators
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Miller B, Llibre Guerra JJ
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Jaiswal MK
Med Res Rev 2019 Mar;39(2):733-748. Epub 2018 Aug 12 doi: 10.1002/med.21528. PMID: 30101496
Perugi G, Vannucchi G, Bedani F, Favaretto E
Curr Psychiatry Rep 2017 Jan;19(1):7. doi: 10.1007/s11920-017-0758-x. PMID: 28144880
Mazzini L, Vescovi A, Cantello R, Gelati M, Vercelli A
Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016;16(2):187-99. Epub 2016 Jan 9 doi: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1116516. PMID: 26558293

Prognosis

Witzel S, Mayer K, Oeckl P
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Boeve BF
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Brown CA, Lally C, Kupelian V, Flanders WD
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Lancet Neurol 2018 May;17(5):423-433. Epub 2018 Mar 26 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30089-9. PMID: 29598923
Bott NT, Radke A, Stephens ML, Kramer JH
Neurodegener Dis Manag 2014;4(6):439-54. doi: 10.2217/nmt.14.34. PMID: 25531687Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Ulugut H, Pijnenburg YAL
Alzheimers Dement 2023 Nov;19(11):5253-5263. Epub 2023 Jun 28 doi: 10.1002/alz.13363. PMID: 37379561
Boeve BF
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Westeneng HJ, Debray TPA, Visser AE, van Eijk RPA, Rooney JPK, Calvo A, Martin S, McDermott CJ, Thompson AG, Pinto S, Kobeleva X, Rosenbohm A, Stubendorff B, Sommer H, Middelkoop BM, Dekker AM, van Vugt JJFA, van Rheenen W, Vajda A, Heverin M, Kazoka M, Hollinger H, Gromicho M, Körner S, Ringer TM, Rödiger A, Gunkel A, Shaw CE, Bredenoord AL, van Es MA, Corcia P, Couratier P, Weber M, Grosskreutz J, Ludolph AC, Petri S, de Carvalho M, Van Damme P, Talbot K, Turner MR, Shaw PJ, Al-Chalabi A, Chiò A, Hardiman O, Moons KGM, Veldink JH, van den Berg LH
Lancet Neurol 2018 May;17(5):423-433. Epub 2018 Mar 26 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30089-9. PMID: 29598923
Finger EC
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Bott NT, Radke A, Stephens ML, Kramer JH
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Recent systematic reviews

Garrison SR, Korownyk CS, Kolber MR, Allan GM, Musini VM, Sekhon RK, Dugré N
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 Sep 21;9(9):CD009402. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009402.pub3. PMID: 32956536Free PMC Article
Xu L, Liu T, Liu L, Yao X, Chen L, Fan D, Zhan S, Wang S
J Neurol 2020 Apr;267(4):944-953. Epub 2019 Dec 3 doi: 10.1007/s00415-019-09652-y. PMID: 31797084
Gibbons C, Pagnini F, Friede T, Young CA
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018 Jan 2;1(1):CD011005. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011005.pub2. PMID: 29293261Free PMC Article
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Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017 Jan 10;1(1):CD011776. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011776.pub2. PMID: 28072907Free PMC Article
Zou ZY, Zhou ZR, Che CH, Liu CY, He RL, Huang HP
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