Oligodendroglial tumors represent approximately 4-7% of all gliomas; however, in some series the incidence has been reported to be as high as 10-20% because of improved histological appreciation and recently recognized molecular signatures. Oligodendroglial tumors are classified as being low-grade oligodendroglial tumors, high-grade anaplastic oligodendroglial tumors or mixed oligo-astrocytic tumors. The mixed tumors can again be low-grade or high-grade. The recent European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group randomized trials have provided level 1 evidence regarding the best management of these tumors. This review provides an overview of oligodendroglial tumors and discusses contemporary and evolving treatment strategies.