The role of surgery varies greatly according to the clinical condition of the patients with neuroblastoma. A surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment for a localized tumor. However, in the era of intense chemotherapy associated with hematopoietic stem cell plant rescue, surgical resections are recommended without sacrificing the kidney or major vessels. Tumor biology further defines the necessity of supportive chemotherapy or radiation after surgical resection. The presence of diverse terminology concerning the range of resection may impose some confusion in the understanding of the previous papers. Therefore, the definition of a surgical resection was initially stated. In high-risk patients, the advantages of surgery for a patient's survival seem to be limited. This article reviews the efficacy of surgical resections in different clinical situations for a better understanding of the meaning of surgery in the treatment of neuroblastoma. The results of surgical resections are summarized according to the International Neuroblastoma Staging System. Finally, the long-term results regarding the strategy-related survival of the patients in the Niigata tumor board are briefly introduced.