Paternal factors in recurrent pregnancy loss: an insight through analysis of non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism in human testis-specific chaperone HSPA2 gene

Heat shock protein A2 (HSPA2) is a testis-specific molecular chaperone of the 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) family and reported to play a key role in spermatogenesis as well as in the remodelling of the sperm surface during capacitation. It is established that mice lacking HSPA2 gene are infertile and spermatozoa that fail to interact with the zona pellucida of the oocyte consistently lack HSPA2 protein expression. However, its role in post fertilization events is not fully understood. Owing to the importance of HSPA2 in male reproduction, the present study is undertaken to reveal the association between genetic mutation and phenotypic variation in recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) patients through an in silico prediction analysis. In this study, we used different computational tools and servers such as SIFT, PolyPhen2, PROVEAN, nsSNPAnalyzer, and SNPs & GO to analyse the functional consequences of the nsSNPs in human HSPA2 gene. The most damaging amino acid variants generated were subjected to I-Mutant 2.0 and ConSurf. Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation mediated by these deleterious nsSNPs were analysed using NetPhos 2.0, and gene-gene interaction study was conducted using GeneMANIA. Finally, in-depth studies of the nsSNPs were studied through Project HOPE. The findings of the study revealed 18 nsSNPs to be deleterious using a combinatorial bioinformatic approach. Further functional analysis suggests that screening of nsSNP variants of HSPA2 that tend to be conserved and has potential to undergo phosphorylation at critical positions (rs764410231, rs200951589, rs756852956) may be useful for predicting outcome in altered reproductive outcome. The physicochemical alterations and its impact on the structural and functional conformity were determined by Project HOPE. Gene-gene interaction depicts its close association with antioxidant enzyme (SOD1) strongly supporting an inefficient oxidative scavenging regulatory mechanism in the spermatozoa of RPL patients as reported earlier. The present study has thus identified high-risk deleterious nsSNPs of HSPA2 gene and would be beneficial in the diagnosis and prognosis of the paternal effects in RPL patients.