Diabetic ketoacidosis

Angela Pauline P Calimag; Sylvia Chlebek; Edgar V Lerma; Joumana T Chaiban

doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101418

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Dis Mon. 2023 Mar;69(3):101418. doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101418. Epub 2022 May 14.

Authors

Angela Pauline P Calimag¹, Sylvia Chlebek¹, Edgar V Lerma², Joumana T Chaiban³

Affiliations

¹ Department of Internal Medicine, Advocate Christ Medical Center.
² Nephrology Education Coordinator, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Advocate Christ Medical Center.
³ Internal Medicine Residents Research Director, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Advocate Christ Medical Center. Electronic address: Joumana.Chaiban@aah.org.

PMID: 35577617
DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101418

Abstract

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a form of a hyperglycemic emergency mainly characterized by the triad of hyperglycemia, ketosis, and anion gap metabolic acidosis. DKA may be the initial presentation in approximately 25-40 % of patients with type 1 diabetes. It may also occur in at least 34% of patients with type 2 diabetes. DKA has economic as well as medical implications. This review aims to explore and discuss diabetic ketoacidosis, its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management, including nuances in special populations such as pediatrics, obstetrics, and patients with chronic kidney disease.

Keywords: Anion Gap; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Emergency; Diabetic Ketoacidosis; Euglycemia; Hyperglycemia; Insulin; Ketosis; Metabolic acidosis.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Acidosis* / diagnosis
Child
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1* / complications
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1* / diagnosis
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1* / therapy
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* / complications
Diabetic Ketoacidosis* / diagnosis
Diabetic Ketoacidosis* / therapy
Diagnosis, Differential
Female
Humans
Pregnancy