The relationship between severity of diffuse cerebral atrophy determined by computed tomography (CT) and severity of cognitive impairment was examined in 55 men, 50 to 77 years old. Partial correlations, controlling for the effects of age and education, indicated that increased cerebral atrophy was associated with decline in orientation, recent memory, and general level of intellectual functioning. Correlations between degree of atrophy and decline in immediate and remote memory were not significant. Despite significant associations between cerebral atrophy and some aspects of intellectual functioning, considerable variance in performance on cognitive tasks was not explained by cerebral atrophy. Therefore, the degree of diffuse cortical and central atrophy observed on CT scan did not closely predict the degree of cognitive dysfunction, nor did the observation of cerebral atrophy necessarily indicate the presence of dementia.