Great strides have been made in the past decade in our understanding of the pathology of the prostate. Diagnostic criteria have been proposed, debated, and refined for a number of entities, including prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, basal cell proliferations, postatrophic hyperplasia, verumontanum mucosal gland hyperplasia, and numerous new variants of prostatic adenocarcinoma such as ductal adenocarcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma. This report presents a series of case studies in prostate pathology which illustrate some of the contemporary issues which confront the pathologist and urologist.