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    PDCD6IP programmed cell death 6 interacting protein [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 10015, updated on 3-Nov-2024

    Summary

    Official Symbol
    PDCD6IPprovided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    programmed cell death 6 interacting proteinprovided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:8766
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000170248 MIM:608074; AllianceGenome:HGNC:8766
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    AIP1; ALIX; HP95; DRIP4; MCPH29
    Summary
    This gene encodes a protein that functions within the ESCRT pathway in the abscission stage of cytokinesis, in intralumenal endosomal vesicle formation, and in enveloped virus budding. Studies using mouse cells have shown that overexpression of this protein can block apoptosis. In addition, the product of this gene binds to the product of the PDCD6 gene, a protein required for apoptosis, in a calcium-dependent manner. This gene product also binds to endophilins, proteins that regulate membrane shape during endocytosis. Overexpression of this gene product and endophilins results in cytoplasmic vacuolization, which may be partly responsible for the protection against cell death. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Related pseudogenes have been identified on chromosome 15. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2012]
    Expression
    Ubiquitous expression in colon (RPKM 28.2), esophagus (RPKM 23.0) and 25 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    NEW
    Try the new Gene table
    Try the new Transcript table

    Genomic context

    See PDCD6IP in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    3p22.3
    Exon count:
    19
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 3 NC_000003.12 (33798630..33869703)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 3 NC_060927.1 (33799362..33870437)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 3 NC_000003.11 (33840122..33911195)

    Chromosome 3 - NC_000003.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 14192 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:33830741-33831638 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:33840285-33840818 Neighboring gene PDCD6IP divergent transcript Neighboring gene SDA1 domain containing 1 pseudogene 3 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105377024 Neighboring gene NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:33960144-33960645 Neighboring gene MPRA-validated peak4603 silencer Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:34030184-34030786 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 5398 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 2911 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19653 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:34131647-34132146 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19654 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 14193 Neighboring gene long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1811 Neighboring gene NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:34232828-34233329 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19655 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19656 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19657 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 19658 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr3:34459799-34460382 Neighboring gene MPRA-validated peak4607 silencer

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Expression

    • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
    • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
    • BioProject: PRJEB4337
    • Publication: PMID 24309898
    • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

    Bibliography

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?

    Phenotypes

    Associated conditions

    Description Tests
    Microcephaly 29, primary, autosomal recessive
    MedGen: C5774220 OMIM: 620047 GeneReviews: Not available
    not available

    EBI GWAS Catalog

    Description
    Genome-wide association for abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose reveals a novel locus for visceral fat in women.
    EBI GWAS Catalog
    Genome-wide association study of chronic periodontitis in a general German population.
    EBI GWAS Catalog

    HIV-1 interactions

    Replication interactions

    Interaction Pubs
    HIV-1 incorporates PDCD6IP (ALIX) and TSG101 into virions, which is sensitive to mutations in YP and PTAP domains respectively PubMed
    HIV-1 replication, specifically budding, requires PDCD6IP (ALIX) as shown through shRNA knockdown in HEK293T cells PubMed
    Knockdown of programmed cell death 6 interacting protein (AIP1, ALIX) by siRNA inhibits HIV-1 release and infectivity PubMed

    Protein interactions

    Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
    Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor env In the absence of Vpu, Env accumulates extensively within clathrin-coated endosomal structures, including the viral proteins Gag and MA; the tetraspanins CD63 and CD81; the adaptor protein complex AP-3; and AIP1/ALIX, a cellular cofactor for viral budding PubMed
    Nef nef HIV-1 Nef-mediated CD4 degradation requires ALIX and interaction of Nef with ALIX in endosomes that contain CD4 PubMed
    nef HIV-1 Nef interacts with ALIX in late endosomes, and Bro1 (residues 1-360) and V (residues 360-717) domains of ALIX are required for this interaction with Nef PubMed
    nef Residues 135-138 of HIV-1 Nef bind to AIP1 in vitro and in cells; the binding between Nef and AIP1 is required for formation of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and contributes to the egress of viral particles from infected cells PubMed
    nef HIV-1 Nef increases the production of exosomes and co-localizes with exosomal proteins CD63, AIP/Alix, AChE, Hsc70, LAMP2, and annexin A2 in HeLa cells PubMed
    Pr55(Gag) gag HIV-1 NC-mediated incorporation of ALIX into virions requires the zinc fingers of NC and the Bro1 domain of ALIX PubMed
    gag Superresolution imaging of HIV-1 Gag and ESCRT proteins (TSG101, ALIX, CHMP4B, and CHMP4C) demonstrates in HeLa cells that Gag assemblages often has ESCRT proteins in their direct vicinity PubMed
    gag Galectin-3 co-localizes with HIV-1 Gag and Alix, and facilitates the association of Gag with Alix in cells PubMed
    gag Incorporation of ALIX into HIV-1 virus-like particles is dependent on the Gag late domains PubMed
    gag ALIX recruitment to both HIV-1 and EIAV Gag is transient at the end of Gag polymerization and the HIV-1 and EIAV profiles are only different in terms of the retention level of ALIX within the virus-like particles PubMed
    gag The Bro1 domain of Alix inhibits HIV budding by targeting both PTAP/TSG101 and LYPXnL/Alix pathways. The NC domain of Gag is the primary target for Bro1 inhibition by Gag-mediated recruitment of Bro1 to the plasma membrane PubMed
    gag The S40F mutation in HIV-1 p6 enhances ALIX binding to HIV-1 Gag in the yeast two-hybrid assay. The Y36S mutation introduced into the S40F mutant disrupts ALIX interaction with Gag and restores spherical particle formation in cells PubMed
    gag Fusion protein Dub-Alix, the catalytic domain of the Herpes Simplex UL36 deubiquitinating enzyme (DUb) fused onto Alix, inhibits HIV-1 release, which involves the interaction between HIV-1 Gag and Alix PubMed
    gag In the absence of Vpu, Env accumulates extensively within clathrin-coated endosomal structures, including the viral proteins Gag and MA; the tetraspanins CD63 and CD81; the adaptor protein complex AP-3; and AIP1/ALIX, a cellular cofactor for viral budding PubMed
    gag Alix-mediated rescue of HIV-1 PTAP(-) release requires interaction with Nedd4-1. Ubiquitinated Alix is incorporated into HIV-1 PTAP(-) rescued particles PubMed
    gag Phe105 loop (residues 99-112) in the Bro1 domain of Alix is required for efficient Alix-mediated HIV-1 release. The disruption of the Phe105 loop interferes with its ability to interact with HIV-1 Gag PubMed
    gag Recruitment of CHMP4B by ALIX to HIV-1 Gag puncta is observed in in-vitro membrane model PubMed
    gag ALIX proteins with point mutations (Val498Asp, Phe676Asp, and Ile683Asp) that inhibit the p6 36YPLASL41 binding fail to rescue HIV-1 deltaPTAP release or infectivity PubMed
    gag Overexpression of AIP1(364-716) severely disrupts Gag processing, resulting in an increase in the ratio of Gag to p25/p24 PubMed
    gag A single amino acid Phe676 of Alix is at the center of a large hydrophobic pocket and is crucial for binding to HIV-1 p6 PubMed
    gag Overexpression of AIP1(364-716) leads to a reduction in the cell-associated levels of HIV-1 Gag PubMed
    matrix gag In the absence of Vpu, Env accumulates extensively within clathrin-coated endosomal structures, including the viral proteins Gag and MA; the tetraspanins CD63 and CD81; the adaptor protein complex AP-3; and AIP1/ALIX, a cellular cofactor for viral budding PubMed
    nucleocapsid gag HIV-1 NC-mediated incorporation of ALIX into virions requires the zinc fingers of NC and the Bro1 domain of ALIX PubMed
    gag The N-terminal Bro1 domain (Brox) of ALIX bind to HIV-1 NC. Unexpectedly, Brox retains significant activity even if its CHMP4 binding site is disrupted PubMed
    gag Residues Q8, K11, K48, R51, R56, and K60 are part of the Bro1 domain of ALIX binding to HIV-1 NC, which involves RNA. Disruption of the Bro1-NC binding inhibits ALIX function in virus release PubMed
    gag The Bro1 domain of Alix inhibits HIV budding by targeting both PTAP/TSG101 and LYPXnL/Alix pathways. The NC domain of Gag is the primary target for Bro1 inhibition by Gag-mediated recruitment of Bro1 to the plasma membrane PubMed
    p6 gag Knockdown of Alix by shRNA reduces the association of HIV-1 p6 with galectin-3 in cells PubMed
    gag A novel tetra-peptide insertion (PYXE), identified in Gag-p6 ALIX-binding region in protease inhibitor failure Indian HIV-1C sequences, may be predicted to restore ALIX-mediated virus release pathway PubMed
    gag The S40F mutation in HIV-1 p6 enhances ALIX binding to HIV-1 Gag in the yeast two-hybrid assay. The Y36S mutation introduced into the S40F mutant disrupts ALIX interaction with Gag and restores spherical particle formation in cells PubMed
    gag The phenolic hydroxyl of the tyrosine residue in the 36YPXnL domain of HIV-1 p6 is essential for ALIX-mediated HIV-1 budding. Y36F mutant blocks ALIX recruitment PubMed
    gag Mutations (Y36A, Y36S/L44H, Y36S/L44R, L41A, and L41R) between p6 residues 36 and 44 inhibit the Alix-p6 interaction PubMed
    gag AIP1 is incorporated into HIV-1 virions through its interaction with HIV-1 p6 PubMed
    gag AIP1 binds to the LXXLF motif in HIV-1 p6 (amino acids 41-44) and along with TSG101 acts as a component of the viral budding machinery PubMed
    gag Natural loss of L35Y36 residues in p6 of HIV-1 subtype C prevents p6 from ALIX interaction PubMed
    gag ALIX proteins with point mutations (Val498Asp, Phe676Asp, and Ile683Asp) that inhibit the p6 36YPLASL41 binding fail to rescue HIV-1 deltaPTAP release or infectivity PubMed
    gag An ALIX fragment encompassing residues 391-510 is a minimal p6deltaSQKQ binding site within the middle region of ALIX PubMed
    gag The Bro1 domain of Alix inhibits HIV budding by targeting both PTAP/TSG101 and LYPXnL/Alix pathways PubMed
    gag The ability of ALIX to rescue an HIV p6 PTAP mutant depends on its C-terminal proline-rich domain (PRD), but not on its binding sites for Tsg101 PubMed
    gag Overexpression of the Alix V domain inhibits HIV-1 release from cells; this inhibition of release is reversed by mutations that block binding of the Alix V domain to p6 PubMed
    gag Residues 360-702 of Alix spans the shape of the letter 'V' and is termed the V domain, which has a topologically complex arrangement of 11 alpha-helices; Phe676 is at the center of a large hydrophobic pocket and is crucial for binding to HIV-1 p6 PubMed

    Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

    Pathways from PubChem

    Interactions

    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

    Markers

    Clone Names

    • MGC17003

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables calcium-dependent protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables protein homodimerization activity IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    enables proteinase activated receptor binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in actomyosin contractile ring assembly ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in apoptotic process IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in bicellular tight junction assembly ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in extracellular exosome biogenesis ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in macroautophagy ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    involved_in midbody abscission IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in mitotic cytokinesis IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    involved_in mitotic cytokinesis IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    NOT involved_in mitotic metaphase chromosome alignment IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in multivesicular body assembly NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in multivesicular body sorting pathway IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    NOT involved_in nucleus organization IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of exosomal secretion IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of extracellular exosome assembly IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in protein homooligomerization IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in protein transport IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    involved_in regulation of centrosome duplication IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of extracellular exosome assembly IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of membrane permeability ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    NOT involved_in regulation of mitotic spindle assembly IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in ubiquitin-independent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in viral budding IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in viral budding via host ESCRT complex IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    PubMed 
    involved_in viral budding via host ESCRT complex NAS
    Non-traceable Author Statement
    more info
    PubMed 
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in Flemming body IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in actomyosin ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
     
    located_in bicellular tight junction IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    located_in centrosome IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    located_in cytosol TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
     
    located_in endoplasmic reticulum exit site IMP
    Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
    more info
    PubMed 
    is_active_in endosome IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
     
    located_in extracellular exosome HDA PubMed 
    located_in extracellular exosome IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in extracellular vesicle HDA PubMed 
    located_in focal adhesion HDA PubMed 
    located_in immunological synapse IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    PubMed 
    located_in melanosome IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
     
    located_in membrane HDA PubMed 

    General protein information

    Preferred Names
    programmed cell death 6-interacting protein
    Names
    ALG-2 interacting protein 1
    ALG-2-interacting protein X
    PDCD6-interacting protein
    apoptosis-linked gene 2-interacting protein X
    dopamine receptor interacting protein 4

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    Genomic

    1. NG_033961.1 RefSeqGene

      Range
      5060..76133
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001162429.3NP_001155901.1  programmed cell death 6-interacting protein isoform 2

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) represents the longest transcript and encodes the longest isoform (2).
      Source sequence(s)
      AB037796, AL695629, BC068454, CR739098, DA149360, DA652213
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS54561.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q4W4Y1
      Related
      ENSP00000411825.2, ENST00000457054.6
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      cd09235
      Location:365703
      V_Alix; Middle V-domain of mammalian Alix and related domains are dimerization and protein interaction modules
      cd09240
      Location:2350
      BRO1_Alix; Protein-interacting, N-terminal, Bro1-like domain of mammalian Alix and related domains
      smart00818
      Location:819873
      Amelogenin; Amelogenins, cell adhesion proteins, play a role in the biomineralisation of teeth
      PHA03247
      Location:717871
      PHA03247; large tegument protein UL36; Provisional
    2. NM_001256192.2NP_001243121.1  programmed cell death 6-interacting protein isoform 3

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001243121.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (4) lacks several 3' exons but contains an alternate 3' exon, and it thus differs in the 3' coding region and 3' UTR, compared to variant 2. The encoded isoform (3) has a distinct and significantly shorter C-terminus, compared to isoform 2.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC112220, AI346371, DA652213, GQ131806
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A0A3B3IT07
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cl14649
      Location:2239
      BRO1_Alix_like; Protein-interacting Bro1-like domain of mammalian Alix and related domains
    3. NM_013374.6NP_037506.2  programmed cell death 6-interacting protein isoform 1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_037506.2

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the central coding region, compared to variant 2, resulting in an isoform (1) that is shorter than isoform 2.
      Source sequence(s)
      AB037796, AF349951, AL695629, BC020066, CR739098, DA149360
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS2660.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      C5MQH7, E9PFU1, Q6NUS1, Q8WUM4, Q9BX86, Q9NUN0, Q9P2H2, Q9UKL5
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q4W4Y1
      Related
      ENSP00000307387.3, ENST00000307296.8
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      cd09235
      Location:360698
      V_Alix; Middle V-domain of mammalian Alix and related domains are dimerization and protein interaction modules
      cd09240
      Location:2345
      BRO1_Alix; Protein-interacting, N-terminal, Bro1-like domain of mammalian Alix and related domains
      cl25716
      Location:814868
      Amelogenin; Amelogenin
      cl26464
      Location:712866
      Atrophin-1; Atrophin-1 family

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000003.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      33798630..33869703
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_011533252.2XP_011531554.1  programmed cell death 6-interacting protein isoform X1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_011531554.1

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      B4DHD2
      Conserved Domains (4) summary
      cd09235
      Location:175513
      V_Alix; Middle V-domain of mammalian Alix and related domains are dimerization and protein interaction modules
      pfam13949
      Location:227516
      ALIX_LYPXL_bnd; ALIX V-shaped domain binding to HIV
      cl14649
      Location:1160
      BRO1_Alix_like; Protein-interacting Bro1-like domain of mammalian Alix and related domains
      cl23782
      Location:630683
      RCR; Chitin synthesis regulation, resistance to Congo red
    2. XM_047447042.1XP_047302998.1  programmed cell death 6-interacting protein isoform X1

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060927.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      33799362..33870437
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_054344819.1XP_054200794.1  programmed cell death 6-interacting protein isoform X1

    Suppressed Reference Sequence(s)

    The following Reference Sequences have been suppressed. Explain

    1. NR_027867.1: Suppressed sequence

      Description
      NR_027867.1: This RefSeq was permanently suppressed because currently there is insufficient support for the transcript, which appears to be incompletely processed at its 5'' end.