| Virus | Primary modes of transmission | Range | Preventative measures | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALV | feces, saliva, skin, contact; mother to offspring via egg | worldwide; common in untreated commercial flocks lacking endogenous viruses that limit infection | removal of infected dams; breeding resistant strains | Payne (1992) |
| REV | feces, saliva, skin, contact; mother to offspring via egg | worldwide; common in commercial flocks; contaminant in Marek's disease vaccine | none taken due to low incidence of disease | Witter and Johnson (1985); Witter and Salter (1989) |
| MLV | mother to offspring via milk | endogenous–common in most strains; exogenous–rare; Lake Casitas, CA; La Puente, CA | none | Gardner et al. (1991); see Chapter 8 |
| MMTV | mother to offspring via milk | most inbred strains | none | Salmons and Gunzburg (1987); Acha-Orbea and MacDonald (1995) |
| FeLV | saliva transferred during grooming; mother to offspring | all domestic cats worldwide; 1–2% stray cats | vaccine; isolating or sacrificing infected cats | Hardy (1993); Loar (1993) |
| FIV | biting | all domestic cats worldwide | isolating or sacrificing infected cats | Pedersen (1993); Courchamp and Pontier (1994) |
| BLV | inadvertent transfer of infected blood by veterinarians; possible spread by biting insects (BLV does not replicate in insects) | worldwide | screening and elimination of infected animals | Burny et al. (1988); Montelaro et al. (1993) |
| VMV | mother to offspring via milk contact | worldwide (except Australia and New Zealand) | elimination of infected animals | Cheevers and McGuire (1988); Cutlip et al. (1992a) |
| CAEV | mother to offspring via milk contact | 30% of goats in industrialized countries; lower where goats are raised in the open | elimination of infected animals | McGuire et al. (1990); Cutlip et al. (1992b) |
| EIAV | inadvertent transfer of infected blood by veterinarians; biting insects in confined areas (EIAV does not replicate in insects) | worldwide; especially prevalent in warmer areas | possible vaccines under study | Issel et al. (1990); Montelaro et al. (1993) |
| HTLV-1 | mother to infant via milk or transplacentally; sexual transmission, esp. male to female; blood and blood products | worldwide; endemic in Japan, Caribbean Basin, Western Africa, Melanesia | precautions that limit situations favoring spread | Cann and Chen (1996) |
From: Transmission and Epidemiology
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