Table 3.27, Summary of judgements: Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) compared with intermittent auscultation (IA) for fetal monitoring during labour - WHO recommendations: Intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience

Desirable effects	– Don't know	– Varies		– Trivial	✓ Small	– Moderate	– Large
Undesirable effects	✓ Don't know	– Varies		– Large	– Moderate	– Small	– Trivial
Certainty of the evidence	– No included studies			– Very low	✓ Low	– Moderate	– High
Values				– Important uncertainty or variability	– Possibly important uncertainty or variability	✓ Probably no important uncertainty or variability	– No important uncertainty or variability
Balance of effects	– Don't know	– Varies	– Favours IA	✓ Probably favours IA	– Does not favour Continuous CTG or IA	– Probably favours Continuous CTG	– Favours Continuous CTG
Resources required	– Don't know	– Varies	✓ Large costs	– Moderate costs	– Negligible costs or savings	– Moderate savings	– Large savings
Certainty of evidence of required resources	✓ No included studies			– Very low	– Low	– Moderate	– High
Cost-effectiveness	– Don't know	– Varies	– Favours IA	✓ Probably favours IA	– Does not favour Continuous CTG or IA	– Probably favours Continuous CTG	– Favours Continuous CTG
Equity	– Don't know	– Varies	– Reduced	✓ Probably reduced	– Probably no impact	– Probably increased	– Increased
Acceptability	– Don't know	✓ Varies		– No	– Probably No	– Probably Yes	– Yes
Feasibility	– Don't know	✓ Varies		– No	– Probably No	– Probably Yes	– Yes

WHO recommendations: Intrapartum care for a positive childbirth experience.

Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.

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Table 3.27Summary of judgements: Continuous cardiotocography (CTG) compared with intermittent auscultation (IA) for fetal monitoring during labour