NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
National Guideline Centre (UK). Suspected neurological conditions: recognition and referral. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2019 May. (NICE Guideline, No. 127.)
L.1. Part 1: Adults aged over 16 – signs, symptoms and investigative tests
L.1.1. Dizziness and vertigo including the HINTS test in adults
L.1.1.1. Dizziness and vertigo
| Reference | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Preuss, 2015387 | Incorrect population: children; diagnosed with intracranial neoplasms (not non-specialist); not presenting with dizziness |
| Jelavoc 2015336 | Incorrect population: presentation of syncope; incorrect setting: specialist |
| O’Mahony 1998356 | Incorrect population: presentation of dizziness in 20% (results not stratified); incorrect study type: no multivariate or prognostic analysis |
| Colledge 1996134 | Incorrect study type: distinguishing dizzy versus non-dizzy and no multivariate or prognostic analysis |
| Salmito 2015416 | Incorrect study type: no multivariate or prognostic analysis and no link to neurological problems |
| Lee 2012292 | Incorrect study type: no multivariate or prognostic analysis and no link to neurological problems |
| Kentala, 2000262 | Incorrect setting: specialist centre |
| Obermann, 2015358 | Incorrect study type: assessing improvement in dizziness score over time |
| Mahringer, 2014314 | Incorrect intervention: non-listed predictor (vHIT and bHIT tests) |
| Kroenke, 1994281 | Incorrect study type: assessing improvement in dizziness over time; no linking of symptoms and neurological problems |
| Olusesi, 2016363 | Incorrect study type: no multivariate or prognostic analysis and no link to neurological problems |
| Newman-Toker, 2013351 | Incorrect study type: no multivariate or prognostic analysis |
L.1.1.2. HINTS test
| Reference | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Cohn 2014133 | Incorrect study design (systematic review with different protocol, includes reference standard other than MRI) |
| Lee 2015295 | Incorrect study design (non-systematic review) |
| Newman-Toker 2013353 | Proof of concept study looking at diagnostic accuracy of video-occulo-graphy device based on HINTS to help diagnose stroke. Not looking directly at the accuracy of the HINTS test itself. Evidence is not directly applicable for use as a basis for recommendations. |
| Newman-Toker2013352 | Abstract only (conference abstract, not a full paper) |
| Newman-Toker 2015350 | Incorrect study design (non-systematic review) |
| Saber Tehrani 2014412 | Subgroup analysis for small strokes of the same data published in Newman-Toker 2013351 |
| Thomas 2016441 | Incorrect study design (letter to editor) |
L.1.2. Facial pain, atraumatic
| Reference | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Agbelusi 20058 | Addresses a different question |
| Aggarwal 20109 | No association of symptoms |
| Agius 201011 | No association of symptoms |
| Agius 201010 | No association of symptoms |
| Akhter 201115 | Univariate analysis only |
| Ali 200819 | No association of symptoms |
| Ammori 201324 | Addresses a different question |
| Balasa 201051 | No association of symptoms |
| Bhaskaracharya 201575 | Univariate analysis only |
| Burchiel 199394 | No relevant analysis |
| Campbell 198598 | Addresses a different question |
| Ciancaglini 1999131 | No association of symptoms |
| Cooper 2007137 | No association of symptoms |
| Cruccu 2009140 | No association of symptoms |
| Dupont Jr 2003166 | No association of symptoms |
| Fitzek 2001183 | No association of symptoms |
| Foley 2013187 | Unadjusted data only |
| Fujarra 2016192 | Addresses a different question |
| Fujii 2002193 | No association of symptoms |
| Gui 2013211 | Invalid study design |
| Hamlyn 1992213 | Invalid study design |
| Hassett 2013218 | Addresses a different question |
| Inoue 2009241 | No association of symptoms |
| Jo 2013250 | Addresses a different question |
| Juniper 1999253 | Univariate analysis only |
| LeResche 2007298 | No association of symptoms |
| Maarbjerg 2014311 | Addresses a different question |
| Matsushima 2004319 | No association of symptoms |
| Mayne 2014321 | Invalid population |
| Mora 2009335 | Traumatic injury |
| Moyaho-Bernal 2010337 | Univariate analysis only |
| Obermann 2010359 | Univariate analysis only |
| Osterberg 2005365 | Univariate analysis only |
| Otuyemi 2000366 | Univariate analysis only |
| Perez 2013379 | Invalid study design (epidemiological, cross sectional study) |
| Raphael 2000396 | Univariate analysis only |
| Rasmussen 1991397 | Univariate analysis only |
| Vickers 2000460 | Invalid study design (review) |
| von Piekartz 2015464 | No association of symptoms |
| Zakrzewska 1999483 | No association of symptoms |
L.1.3. Memory failure in adults (Memory tests)
| Reference | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Abdel-Aziz, 20151 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Arabi, 201335 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Belmin, 200762 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Borson, 200082 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Bottino, 201385 | Abstract: incorrect population (not early presentation) |
| Brodaty, 200290 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Brooke, 199991 | Incorrect population: includes confirmed dementia; not early presentation |
| Carnero-Pardo, 2013109 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Cervilla, 2004117 | Incorrect population (not early presentation) and analysis |
| Chan, 2015121 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Chan, 2016120 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Damian, 2011142 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Dash, 2006144 | Insufficient information - no population details, insufficient reporting of outcome statistics |
| Davis, 2015146 | Review: not early presentation; incorrect index tests |
| Dougherty Jr, 2010162 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Fage, 2015179 | Review: not early presentation; not primary care |
| Ferri, 2012182 | Abstract: insufficient information |
| Fuchs, 2012191 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Goldschmidt, 1983204 | Incorrect population: age range not disclosed; incorrect study design: reference standard not performed on those negative on index test |
| Golstein, 2015205 | Abstract: incorrect population (not early presentation) |
| Grober, 2008209 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Grober, 2014208 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Harrison, 2014215 | Review: not early presentation; incorrect index tests |
| Haubois, 2013219 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Hessler, 2014226 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Jessen, 2011247 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Jimenez, 2015249 | Abstract: insufficient information |
| Johansson, 2014251 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Kamenski, 2009254 | Incorrect population (not early presentation); incorrect reference standard |
| Kuslansky, 2002285 | Incorrect population (not early presentation); incorrect index tests |
| Larner, 2014288 | Incorrect population (not early presentation); incorrect index tests |
| Lee, 2009291 | Abstract: incorrect population (not early presentation) |
| Lischka, 2012302 | Review: not early presentation; insufficient study information |
| Mitchell, 2009332 | Review: Incorrect population (not early presentation) |
| Mitchell, 2010333 | Incorrect index tests |
| Navarro Espigares, 2009342 | Abstract: insufficient information |
| O’Sullivan, 2016357 | Narrative review |
| Papageorgiou, 2014368 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Pezzotti, 2008380 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Pirani, 2015381 | Abstract: incorrect population (not early presentation) |
| Ranson, 2015394 | Abstract: insufficient information |
| Rous, 2014410 | Abstract: insufficient information |
| Sager, 2006414 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Shaik, 2016425 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Solomon, 1998431 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Sorbi, 2012432 | Review: not early presentation; insufficient study information |
| Stein, 2015433 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Takechi, 2010437 | Incorrect population: not early presentation; Incorrect study design: case-control |
| Tierney, 2000444 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Tierney, 2003443 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Trustram Eve, 2014448 | Incorrect tests; no diagnostic data |
| Upadhyaya, 2010451 | Incorrect population: not early presentation |
| Velayudhan, 2014455 | Review: not early presentation; insufficient study information |
| Wolfsgruber, 2014478 | Not in English language |
| Yokomizo, 2014481 | Abstract: incorrect population (not early presentation) |
| Yokomizo, 2014482 | Review: not early presentation; insufficient study information |
L.1.4. Sensory symptoms such as tingling or numbness in adults and children
| Reference | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Anekstein 201227 | Addresses a different question |
| Ansari 200931 | Addresses a different question |
| Antunes 200033 | Invalid study design (review) |
| Atroshi 200341 | Addresses a different question |
| Bares 200153 | Non-English language |
| Barnes 200654 | Addresses a different question |
| Baron 200955 | Univariate analysis |
| Bastyr 200556 | Validation of a questionnaire |
| Beck 201257 | Addresses a different question |
| Beck 201358 | Addresses a different question |
| Beghi 198959 | Univariate analysis |
| Beijers 201560 | Addresses a different question |
| Beiske 200461 | Univariate analysis |
| Berini 201468 | Univariate analysis |
| Boorugu 201480 | Addresses a different question |
| Borhani-Haghighi 200681 | Univariate analysis |
| Bozek 200186 | Unavailable but from the abstract it appears to be a univariate analysis |
| Brenaut 201587 | No association of symptoms. Questionnaire based exploratory study |
| Bridgeman 200788 | Univariate analysis |
| Buonocore 200693 | Addresses a different question |
| Caliandro 200697 | Addresses a different question |
| Carlson 2010107 | Addresses a different question |
| Caro 2008110 | Univariate analysis |
| Casale 1989113 | Addresses a different question |
| Castillo 1999115 | Addresses a different question |
| Chang 2001122 | Univariate analysis |
| Chow 2005130 | Addresses a different question (differential diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome and cervical spondylosis) |
| Copeman 1988138 | Univariate analysis |
| Davis 2014147 | Univariate analysis |
| de Campos 2004149 | No association of symptoms |
| Denard 2010151 | Univariate analysis |
| Dones 2003161 | Univariate analysis (review of 27 cases of Chiari I malformation) |
| Duby 2004165 | Systematic review |
| Duston 1989167 | Univariate analysis |
| Elrefai 2009172 | Univariate analysis (prevalence of neuropathy in feet of diabetic patients) |
| Flores 2015184 | Univariate analysis |
| Franse 2000189 | Addresses a different question |
| Fu 2014190 | Addresses a different question (predictive factors for neurological complications in liver transplantation patients) |
| Gell 2005196 | No association of symptoms |
| Goh 2011203 | Univariate analysis only |
| Gorson 1999206 | Addresses a different question |
| Hird 2010227 | Addresses a different question |
| Horowitz 1979229 | Addresses a different question |
| Iqal 2015242 | Unavailable but from abstract it appears to be a univariate analysis (Peripheral neuropathy: Incidence and clinical presentation in the cases of diabetic mellitus) |
| Jacovides 2014243 | Univariate analysis |
| Jepsen 2006246 | Addresses a different question |
| Ji 2012248 | Addresses a different question |
| Jones Jr 2010252 | No multivariate analysis |
| Karam 2014257 | Addresses a different question (outcome predictors of post-traumatic syringomyelia) |
| Kendall 2009260 | Incorrect population (children with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1) |
| Keniston 1997261 | Mixed population (not all participants had CTS)* |
| Kesler 2000265 | Addresses a different question (complications of essential thrombocytosis) |
| Kim 2016268 | Univariate analysis (in students with backpack palsy) |
| Kleiner-Fisman 2007272 | Addresses a different question |
| Konen 1996274 | No multivariate analysis |
| Kratz 2016279 | Addresses a different question |
| Lauder 2000289 | Addresses a different question |
| Lauder 2000290 | Addresses a different question (prediction of electrodiagnostic outcomes) |
| Lee 2012296 | No multivariable analysis (identification of carpal tunnel syndrome in Behçet’s disease) |
| Lee 2015293 | Addresses a different question (neurologic adverse events following influenza A in children) |
| Li 2016300 | Addresses a different question. Univariate analysis |
| Lin 2011301 | Addresses a different question |
| Lucchetta 2012310 | Incorrect population |
| McKillop 2014324 | Systematic review |
| Miles 2015330 | Systematic review |
| Nakatani 2011340 | Univariate analysis only. Looking at prevalence of symptoms |
| Neopane 2003346 | Univariate analysis. Incorrect population |
| Neumann 1995347 | Addresses a different question |
| Newland 2014349 | Univariate analysis |
| Ntani 2013354 | Addresses a different question |
| Orita 2015364 | Invalid population |
| Overgaard 2004367 | Univariate analysis (tingling and numbness in the hands of computer users) |
| Rae-Grant 1999390 | No multivariable analysis |
| Rana 2014393 | Addresses a different question. Looking at predictors of pain and not pain as a predictor |
| Rathore 2002399 | Univariate analysis only |
| Rauck 2013400 | Addresses a different question |
| Reading 2003402 | Univariate analysis only |
| Rico 2014404 | Addresses a different question |
| Rubino 2007411 | Univariate analysis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy symptoms |
| Sawaya 2006418 | Addresses a different question. No multivariable analysis (peripheral neuropathy in thalassemia) |
| Schifitto 2002419 | No multivariable analysis |
| Shian 1994426 | Univariate analysis only |
| Siva 2009428 | Addresses a different question |
| Smart 2012429 | Addresses a different question |
| Solomon 2011430 | Addresses a different question |
| Tabatabaei-Malazy 2011436 | Univariate analysis (prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and related factors) |
| Tamburin 2008440 | No association of symptoms* |
| Thomas 2012442 | Invalid study type (narrative review) |
| Tietjen 1993445 | Addresses a different question. Predictive factors for antiphospholipid immunoreactivity in transient focal neurological events |
| Vegosen 2012454 | Invalid population |
| Vrethem 2002465 | Univariate analysis (analysis of data from a questionnaire follow-up study in patients with neuroborreliosis) |
| Whitworth 2010473 | Addresses a different question |
L.1.5. Tremor in adults
| Reference | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Benito-Leon 201563 | Incorrect population |
| Chase 2015123 | Incorrect study design |
| Deuschl 2015155 | No association of symptoms |
| Diamond 2014157 | Not guideline condition |
| Dogu 2005160 | No association of symptoms |
| Duarte 1995164 | Incorrect study design |
| Duval 2006168 | Incorrect population |
| Erer 2009174 | Prevalence only |
| Gelb 1999195 | Incorrect study design |
| Gironell 2001199 | Not available |
| Hely 1995224 | No association of symptoms |
| Hely 1999225 | Not relevant analysis |
| Hughes 1992235 | Test accuracy data |
| Lou 1991305 | Unadjusted data only |
| Louis 1996308 | Unadjusted data only |
| Louis 1998309 | No association of symptoms |
| Louis 2011306 | Incorrect study design |
| Louis 2013307 | No association of symptoms |
| Mahlknecht 2015312 | Incorrect population |
| Martinelli 1987316 | Unadjusted data only |
| McDermott 1995322 | Not relevant analysis |
| Meneghini 1992327 | Test accuracy data |
| Montgomery 2000334 | No association of symptoms |
| Mutch 1991338 | Unadjusted data only |
| Parkinson Study Group 1989370 | No association of symptoms |
| Patel 2015371 | Incorrect study design |
| Pearce 1968374 | No association of symptoms |
| Post 2007385 | Systematic review (included studies were assessed) |
| Poston 2009386 | No association of symptoms |
| Quagliato 2009389 | No association of symptoms |
| Rao 2003395 | Systematic review (included studies were assessed) |
| Salemi 1998415 | Environmental associations |
| Sun 2006435 | Incorrect study design |
| Tallon-Barranco 1997439 | Incorrect population |
| Vesela 2002459 | Not in English |
| Wenning 2000471 | Not relevant analysis |
| Whaley 2007472 | Incorrect population |
L.2. Part 2: Children aged under 16 – signs, symptoms and investigative tests
L.2.1. Blackouts and paroxysmal events
| Reference | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Abe 19822 | No multivariate analysis. Addresses a different question. An investigation into how the behaviours manifested at 3 years of age have changed after 5 years’ follow-up |
| Abend 20113 | Univariate analysis only. Retrospective analysis of children identified from a prospective paediatric stroke registry to define the incidence of seizures as presenting symptom of arterial ischemic stroke |
| Adelow 20097 | No multivariate analysis |
| Akhtar 200214 | People previously diagnosed with epilepsy underwent ECG to determine how many children may have cardiovascular anomalies. Authors only present the number of people with possible alternative diagnoses to epilepsy. No multivariate analysis |
| Alam 201218 | Narrative literature review |
| Altunbasak 200720 | 2-year prognosis of epilepsy |
| An 201025 | Logistic regression only used for predictors of prognosis |
| Anderson 198926 | Addresses a different question |
| Annegers 200028 | Univariate analysis |
| Annegers 199829 | No multivariate analysis |
| Annegers 198730 | Addresses a different question. Prognostic factors of unprovoked seizures after febrile convulsions |
| Apakama 200634 | Addresses a different question. Video monitoring in children referred for an outpatient EEG |
| Arango 201236 | No multivariate analysis |
| Arndt 201638 | Narrative review. No extractable data |
| Attumalil 201142 | Variables in the multivariate analysis were only looking at birth and neonatal aspects. No predictors of interest to our review were included |
| Austin 201544 | Addresses a different question. The variables included in the multivariate analysis include parent variables, child behaviours problems and seizure occurrence, which are not predictors of interest to our review question |
| Austin 200145 | Addresses a different question. The variables included in the multivariate analysis are our outcomes of interest not the predictors |
| Austin 201146 | Addresses a different question. The variables included in the multivariate analysis include demographic, seizure risk factors and family risk factors, which are not predictors of interest to our review question |
| Bademosi 198950 | Case control study with no multivariate analysis |
| Berg 199864 | Addresses a different question. Looks at the influence of the onset of unprovoked seizures in the recurrence of seizures in children after febrile seizures |
| Berg 199665 | No multivariate analysis |
| Berg 199966 | Identification of differences between children with epilepsy with and without febrile seizures |
| Bergamo 201567 | Univariate analysis only |
| Bertelsen 201669 | Abstract only |
| Beslow 201371 | Addresses a different question. Risk factors for seizures and epilepsy in children. No multivariate analysis |
| Beslow 201072 | Addresses a different question. Features of children with intracerebral haemorrhage and predictors of short-term outcomes |
| Bessiso 199073 | No multivariate analysis |
| Betts 199274 | Addresses a different question |
| Bhattacharyya 201476 | Univariate analysis only |
| Bonkowsky 200979 | No multivariate analysis |
| Bosson 201483 | Addresses a different question. Risk of apnoea in patients with seizures. Multivariate analysis includes age, medicated in the field, seizure on PED arrival and seizure disorder |
| Bosson 201484 | Addresses a different question. Risk factors for apnoea not apnoea as a risk factor |
| Brown 199692 | Narrative review. No extractable data |
| Bye 199495 | Clinical description of complex partial seizures. No multivariate analysis |
| Bye 200096 | No multivariate analysis. Ten-year retrospective study of non-epileptic paroxysmal events in children |
| Canavese 201299 | Addresses a different question. Clinical and video-EEG-polymyographic study of paroxysmal non-epileptic motor events |
| Canpolat 2014102 | No multivariate analysis |
| Cansu 2007103 | No association of symptoms. Not clear if patients had paroxysmal events and one of the predictors or not |
| Caplan 2004104 | Addresses a different question. Looking at the role of cognition, language, seizure and demographic variables in the psychopathology of complex partial seizures |
| Caraballo 2003105 | Univariate analysis |
| Caraballo 2011106 | Clinical description of EEG in childhood absences |
| Carman 2013108 | Multivariate analysis does not include any predictors relevant to the review question. Mostly looked at socio-demographic, birthweight, consanguinity, and parents’ age and education |
| Carvalho 2001112 | No multivariate analysis |
| Casetta 2002114 | Investigation of pre-, mid- and post-natal risk factors for cryptogenic and idiopathic epilepsy |
| Chahine 2006118 | Narrative review. No extractable data |
| Chahine 2006119 | Narrative review. No extractable data |
| Chen 2010125 | Univariate analysis |
| Chen 2015126 | Univariate analysis |
| Chiaretti 2000128 | Univariate analysis |
| Ciceri 2011132 | Review |
| Covanis 1992139 | Univariate analysis. Early prognostic signs of absence epilepsy |
| Dai 2006141 | Narrative review. No extractable data |
| Daoud 2003143 | Univariate analysis |
| Datta 2005145 | Addresses a different question. To determine which factors contribute most to psychopathology in children with epilepsy. No predictors of interest in the multivariate analysis (sociodemographic, treatments, seizure variables including type, duration and frequency) |
| Dennis 1978153 | Book chapter |
| Dhiman 2014156 | Clinical description and suggestion for new classification |
| DiMario 2006158 | Narrative review. No extractable data |
| Ellenberg 1986170 | Addresses a different question. The impact of seizures on children’s intellectual performance |
| Ellenberg 1978171 | Addresses a different question. Investigates whether intellectual deterioration is caused by seizures in children |
| Emam 2009173 | Addresses a different question. Pattern, risk factors, diagnosis and outcome of stroke. Does not present the results of a multivariate analysis |
| Espeche 2010175 | No multivariate analysis |
| Espeche 2011176 | No multivariate analysis. Analysis of electro-clinical features and evolution of patients with benign infantile seizures associated with paroxysmal dyskinesia |
| Ettinger 1999178 | Wrong population (adults) |
| Fattal-Valevski 2013180 | Addresses a different question. Clinical description of paediatric brain tumours that present with seizures |
| Fois 1982185 | No multivariate analysis |
| Fois 1988186 | No multivariate analysis |
| Geelhoed 2005194 | Addresses a different question. Accuracy of models in predicting long-term outcome of epilepsy |
| Graves 2012207 | Narrative summary. Recommendations for practice |
| Hamati-Haddad 1998212 | Addresses a different question. Incidence of febrile convulsions in an epilepsy clinical population and relates presence and characteristics of febrile convulsions to the localisation of subsequent epilepsy |
| Hansen 2015214 | Survey. No multivariate analysis |
| Hauser 1970220 | Narrative summary. No extractable data |
| Heijbel 1980223 | Univariate analysis only |
| Horrocks 2005230 | Addresses a different question. Clinical description of the features of a series of children with anoxic-epileptic seizures |
| Hrastovec 2012231 | No multivariate analysis |
| Huang 1998233 | No multivariate analysis |
| Huguenard 2016236 | No multivariate analysis |
| Kamiishi 1994255 | No multivariate analysis. Follow-up of childhood absence epilepsy with a history of febrile convulsions |
| Kannoth 2009256 | Wrong population. Includes adults and children (mean age 32 years, range 6–85) |
| Karasalihoglu 2003258 | Multivariate analysis does not include variables of interest (for example, history of birth asphyxia, type of seizure, polypharmacy) |
| Kim 2012269 | Addresses a different question. Clinical and video-EEG-polymyographic study of paroxysmal non-epileptic motor event |
| King 1999270 | Addresses a different question. Looking at whether MRI and EEG would reveal abnormal clinical features of benign partial seizures of adolescents |
| Kirkpatrick 1998271 | Narrative literature review |
| Koo 1993275 | No multivariate analysis |
| Korff 2005277 | Addresses a different question. Eye closure during paroxysmal events and link to seizures |
| Kristensen 1992280 | No multivariate analysis |
| Krumholz 1983282 | No multivariate analysis |
| Ku 2014283 | Long-term (11 years) follow-up of children with febrile seizures. Logistic regression includes sex, urbanisation and occupation as variables. No predictors of interest to our review question |
| Lal 2014286 | Univariate analysis only |
| Lee 2016294 | Long-term follow-up to identify prognostic factors that can predict epilepsy in children with febrile seizures |
| Lee 1989297 | Univariate analysis only |
| Mallick 2014315 | Univariate analysis. Epidemiology and clinical features of childhood arterial ischemic stroke |
| Matsumoto 1985317 | Addresses a different question. Predictors of long-term outcomes if convulsive disorders |
| Matsumoto 2013318 | Unobtainable |
| Metrick 1991328 | No multivariate analysis |
| Miano 2010329 | Univariate analysis only |
| Neligan 2012343 | Prospective cohort study looking at long-term risk of developing epilepsy after febrile seizures (follow-up to 20 years) |
| Nelson 1978344 | Addresses a different question. Looking at death, motor disabilities and recurrence of seizure. No multivariate analysis |
| Nevo 1995348 | Addresses a different question. Risk factors for seizures not seizures as risk factors. Multivariate analysis includes cerebral palsy, mental retardation, febrile seizures and prematurity as variables |
| O’Brien 1981355 | Narrative summary. No multivariate analysis or extractable data |
| Ogunniyi 1987360 | No multivariate analysis. Risk factors investigated include febrile seizures, head trauma, previous immunisation, use of psychotropic drugs and stimulants, haemoglobinopathy and syphilis |
| Ogunrin 2014361 | Cross sectional case-control study. No multivariate analysis |
| Park 2015369 | Univariate analysis |
| Patel 2007372 | Univariate analysis. Compares clinical features of non-epileptic seizures between <13 year olds and >13 year olds |
| Pavlidou 2013373 | Long-term follow-up of children with febrile seizures. No association of symptoms |
| Pearce 1979375 | No multivariate analysis. Looking at risk factors as long-term predictors in children with convulsive disorder |
| Per 2014376 | No multivariate analysis |
| Plioplys 2014382 | Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Only data reported from logistic regression is somatic psychiatric and adversity variables. No predictors relevant to our review question |
| Plioplys 2016383 | Addresses a different question. Risk factors for comorbid psychopathology in youth with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures |
| Proulx 1993388 | No multivariate analysis. Addresses a different question. Assessment of BP measurement in children admitted to PICU for hypertensive crisis or status epilepticus to determine whether this can differentiate between the 2 conditions. Reports sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV |
| Rossiter 1977409 | Univariate analysis only. Descriptive statistics of convulsions in the first year of life |
| Saemundsen 2007413 | No multivariate analysis |
| Saltik 2003417 | No multivariate analysis |
| Sehgal 1979422 | Univariate analysis. Recurrence of febrile seizures |
| Seki 1981423 | Univariate analysis only |
| Sfaihi 2012424 | Epidemiological study. Univariate analysis only |
| Silver 2008427 | Addresses a different question |
| Trinka 2002447 | No multivariate analysis |
| Ueoka 1980450 | Abstract on follow-up of children with febrile convulsions |
| Vaghani 2013452 | No multivariate analysis |
| Verduyn 1992456 | Descriptive study. No extractable data |
| Verity 1991457 | No multivariate analysis |
| Verrotti 2000458 | No multivariate analysis |
| Vincentiis 2006461 | No multivariate analysis. Risk factors for psychogenic non-epileptic seizures in children already diagnosed with epilepsy |
| Visser 2010462 | Investigates the prenatal and perinatal factors that may predict the incidence of paroxysmal epileptic and non-epileptic disorders within the first year of life. No predictors of interest in the multivariate analysis |
| Visser 2012463 | No predictors of interest in the multivariate analysis (examples include maternal indicators and birthweight) |
| Wakamoto 2011466 | Clinical characteristics of childhood absences |
| Wallace 1984468 | Narrative review. No extractable data |
| Wallace 1979469 | No multivariate analysis |
| Wang 2008470 | Looked at scoring system based on frequency of seizures. Data not relevant to our review question |
| Wiebe 2008474 | Systematic review |
| Yang 1995479 | No multivariate analysis |
| Yilmaz 2013480 | Unobtainable |
L.2.2. Headache
| Reference | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Abu-Arafeh 20044 | No association of symptoms |
| Abu-Arafeh 20055 | No association of symptoms |
| Abu-Arafeh 20106 | No association of symptoms |
| Ahmed 201012 | No multivariable analysis |
| Ahmed 199613 | No association of symptoms |
| Akyuz 200016 | Unadjusted data only |
| Al-Twaijri 200217 | No association of symptoms |
| Amarilyo 201121 | Not relevant analysis |
| Anttila 200232 | No association of symptoms. Question about causes of tension type headaches not headache as a predictor of our outcomes of interest. |
| Atiq 200640 | No association of symptoms |
| Aui-Aree 201043 | Invalid populations (only 10% had a headache) |
| Auvichayapat 200747 | Univariate analysis only |
| Babar 201249 | Unavailable |
| Balottin 200552 | No association of symptoms |
| Bertoli 200770 | Invalid population (aged 4–18 years) |
| Brna 200589 | Unadjusted data only |
| Cannavo 2003100 | Invalid population (aged over 12 years), no association of symptoms |
| Canpolat 2015101 | Invalid study design (case series) |
| Carotenuto 2005111 | Not relevant condition |
| Cavestro 2014116 | Univariate analysis only |
| Conicella 2008136 | Unadjusted analyses only |
| de Ribaupierre 2008150 | No association of symptoms |
| Deng 2015152 | No association of symptoms |
| Esposito 2012177 | Unadjusted analyses only |
| Fernandez-Mayoralas 2010181 | No association of symptoms |
| Foroughipour 2011188 | Univariate analysis only |
| Genizi 2013197 | Outcomes, ADHD and learning disabilities (might need further checking) |
| Genizi 2016198 | No data provided |
| Gladstein 1993200 | Univariate analysis only |
| Glatstein 2015201 | Unadjusted data only |
| Glueck 1986202 | Not relevant analysis |
| Harrison 1982216 | Unadjusted data only |
| Holden 1994228 | Not adjusted for identified predictors |
| Hsiao 2014232 | Univariate analysis only |
| Hussain 1995237 | Prevalence of headache types |
| Jaffe 1985244 | Invalid population (not headache) |
| Kernick 2009264 | Unadjusted data only |
| Khan 2015266 | No association of symptoms |
| Kienbacher 2006267 | Not relevant analysis |
| Klitbo 2011273 | Unadjusted data only |
| Kranick 2013278 | Invalid population (stroke) |
| Kung 2009284 | Unadjusted data only |
| Lanphear 2014287 | Unadjusted data only |
| Lewis 2000299 | Unadjusted data only, invalid population (under 18 year olds) |
| Medina 2001326 | Cost-effectiveness analysis |
| Nelson 2010345 | No association of symptoms |
| Preuss 2015387 | Univariate analysis only |
| Raieli 2015391 | Univariate analysis only |
| Rains 2008392 | Invalid study design (review) |
| Rasul 2009398 | Invalid population (neurological deficit) |
| Ravid 2013401 | Unadjusted data only |
| Reulecke 2008403 | No data provided |
| Robbins 2010405 | Invalid population (aged over 12 years) |
| Rossi 1989407 | Invalid study design (review) |
| Rossi 1992408 | Univariate analysis only |
| Uche 2013449 | Univariate analysis only |
| Waldie 2014467 | No association of symptoms |
| Wilne 2012475 | Addresses a different question. Evolution of clinical features of brain tumours |
| Wilne 2007476 | Systematic review |
| Wilne 2006477 | Invalid population (aged 15 weeks to 17 years) |
L.2.3. Head shape and size abnormalities
| Reference | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Aring 200737 | No association of symptoms |
| Boere-Boonekamp 200178 | Univariate analysis only |
| Collett 2011135 | Not adjusted for any of the listed confounders |
| Day 1979148 | No association of symptoms |
| Huang 1998234 | Invalid study design |
| Hutchison 2004238 | No association of symptoms |
| Hutchison 2009239 | Univariate analysis only |
| Hutchison 2011240 | No association of symptoms |
| Jansen 1982245 | No association of symptoms |
| Kordestani 2005276 | No association of symptoms |
| Lorber 1981303 | Univariate analysis only |
| Losee 2007304 | Univariate analysis only |
| Mawji 2014320 | No association of symptoms |
| McElrath 2010323 | Invalid population |
| McKinney 2008325 | Invalid study design |
| Miller 2000331 | No relevant analysis |
| Oh 2009362 | Data not reported |
| Pomatto 2006384 | No association of symptoms |
| Roddi 1995406 | Invalid study design |
| Seal 2013420 | Invalid study design |
| Talebian 2013438 | Univariate analysis only |
| Tomlinson 2007446 | No association of symptoms |
| Van Dommelen 2015453 | Diagnostic test accuracy data |
L.2.4. Motor developmental delay and unsteadiness (creatine kinase tests)
| Reference | Reason for exclusion |
|---|---|
| Amato 19822 | No relevant analysis |
| Ambegaonkar 201123 | No relevant analysis |
| Aston 198439 | No relevant analysis |
| Avaria 201248 | Not available |
| Birdi 200577 | No relevant analysis |
| Chen 1983124 | No relevant analysis |
| Chien 2011129 | No relevant analysis |
| Diniz 2014159 | No relevant analysis |
| Drousiotou 1998163 | No relevant analysis |
| Edwards 1984169 | No relevant analysis |
| Gruemer 1984210 | No relevant analysis |
| Hashim 2011217 | Invalid population |
| Heath 1984222 | Invalid population |
| Mahoney 1977313 | No relevant anlaysis |
| Nagappa 2013339 | No relevant analysis |
| Percy 1979377 | No relevant analysis |
| Percy 1984378 | No relevant analysis |
| Seay 1978421 | No relevant analysis |
| Stubgen 1993434 | No relevant analysis |
| Zatz 1978486 | No relevant analysis |
| Zatz 1980485 | No relevant analysis |
| Zatz 1991484 | No relevant analysis |
| Zhang 2012487 | No relevant analysis |
- Excluded clinical studies - Suspected neurological conditionsExcluded clinical studies - Suspected neurological conditions
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