Table 1PICO characteristics of review question

Population

Inclusion: Adults (18 years and older) with suspected gout.

Exclusion: People with calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition, including pseudogout

Target conditionGout (including people with gout and chronic kidney disease)
Index tests
  • Clinical assessment (history and examination)
  • Serum urate level (persistently above 380 micromol/L)
  • Clinical assessment plus serum urate level (history and examination plus serum urate level persistently above 380 micromol/L)
  • X-ray
  • Ultrasound
  • Dual-energy CT (DECT)
Reference standardJoint aspiration (urate crystals are observed in synovial fluid or tophi)
Statistical measures

Primary paired outcome:

Sensitivity/specificity

Study design

Diagnostic accuracy cross-sectional studies.

Systematic reviews of diagnostic accuracy cross-sectional studies.

From: Evidence reviews for what are the most accurate and cost-effective approaches to diagnosing gout, in particular serum urate level compared with joint aspiration?

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Evidence reviews for what are the most accurate and cost-effective approaches to diagnosing gout, in particular serum urate level compared with joint aspiration? Gout: diagnosis and management: Evidence review C.
NICE Guideline, No. 219.
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