Table 2Putative examples of unproductive splicing

NameOrganismAS→PTCAS RegulatedPTC→Low AbundanceNMDNotesRefs.
GFAPRat•••Isoform proportions are tissue-regulated.89
TR4Human, Rat•••90
HLA-GHuman•••Exception to the 50-nucleotide rule; does not undergo NMD.7, 91
Alpha2(XI)Human, Mouse•••92
FIBP Drosophila ••93
Dystrophin from Purkinje promoterHuman••Regulated tissue-specific splicing in healthy individuals. The PTC+ isoform is abundant.94
SRp20Mouse••A truncated protein is observed.95
mdm2Human, Dog••Translation reinitiation.22
SmHSFSchistosoma mansoni••Developmental regulation. The protein product is a transcription factor controlling expression of heat shockproteins, including HSP70. Thus, at a developmental stagewhen splicing generates primarily unproductive SmHSFisoforms, HSP70 mRNAs are not observed.96
TMRat•A PTC+ isoform is believed to exist.49, 52, 97
MPZHuman••98
NRAMPHuman••The PTC-containing exon is an Alu element.99
ACF/ASPMouse, Rat••100
Scgb3a1/Ugrp2Mouse••Translation reinitiation is likely.101
WDNM1Rat••102
U1-70k snRNPHuman, Arabidopsis •Vertebrates share a conserved PTC-inducing included exon. In Arabidopsis, a different PTC-inducing exon is included.103-105
Scorpion venomScorpion•Trans-splicing creates some PTC+ isoforms.106
Cds1/CHK2Yeast, Human•107
hMSH2Human•108
ABCA13Mouse•109
snRNP B and B'Human•A truncated protein is observed.110
RPL28, RPS17BYeast•45
RPL3, RPL7a, RPL10aWorm•46

In these examples taken from the literature, available data are consistent with or suggestive of regulated unproductive splicing, but they do not yet conclusively demonstrate the phenomenon.

From: Regulation of Gene Expression by Coupling of Alternative Splicing and NMD

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